View source for Acalypha

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Acalypha
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1003. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Threeseeded mercury;copperleaf
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Euphorbiaceae;Acalypha
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Euphorbiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Acalypha]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek akalephe, stinging nettle, from a-, without, kalos, good, and haphe, touch, alluding to some species resembling Urtica (though not stinging)
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 157, 160, 163
|treatment_page=page 162
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herb </b>or shrubs [trees], annual or perennial, unarmed, monoecious or dioecious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="hair architecture;hair architecture or function or pubescence;hair presence">hairs unbranched [stellate], sometimes glandular, or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="latex presence">latex absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>persistent or drought-deciduous, alternate, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule duration">stipules present, persistent or deciduous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence;gland presence;gland presence;adaxial gland prominence">petiole present, glands absent or present at apex, adaxial, inconspicuous [conspicuous];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;margin shape">blade unlobed, margins deeply serrate or crenate to subentire, laminar glands absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="laminar gland presence;laminar gland architecture;base architecture or shape">venation palmate at base, pinnate distally [pinnate].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;thyrse shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>unisexual or bisexual (pistillate flowers proximal, staminate distal [staminate proximal, pistillate distal]), axillary or terminal, spikelike [paniclelike] thyrses;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower presence">allomorphic pistillate flowers sometimes present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="subtending flower architecture;subtending flower size">bracts subtending pistillate flowers enlarging in fruit [remaining minute];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="gland presence">glands subtending bracts 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="pedicel quantity;pedicel presence;pedicel quantity;pedicel presence;pedicel quantity;pedicel presence;pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels:</b> staminate present, pistillate absent [present], allomorphic present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal architecture;sepal atypical some measurement;sepal some measurement;sepal arrangement or dehiscence;sepal fusion"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals 4, not petaloid, 1–2 [–3] mm, valvate, distinct [connate];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary presence">nectary absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen quantity;stamen fusion">stamens 4–8, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;anther length;anther architecture">anthers elongated and twisted at maturity;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillode absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal fusion"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals 3 [or 5], distinct [connate];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary presence">nectary absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil architecture">pistil (1–) 3-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="flower architecture;style atypical quantity;style quantity;style fusion;style fusion;style shape;style shape;style shape;style architecture;branch shape">styles (1–) 3, distinct or connate basally, usually multifid or laciniate, rarely 2-fid or unbranched, branches threadlike.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="fruit reproduction;achene reproduction;schizocarp reproduction"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, allomorphic fruits achenes or schizocarps.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>ellipsoid to subglobose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="">caruncle present, sometimes rudimentary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="caruncle presence;caruncle prominence;x chromosome quantity">x = 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;in Europe;primarily tropical and subtropical regions;reaching temperate regions in eastern North America and eastern Asia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 450 (18 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Some species of Acalypha are cultivated as ornamentals, notably A. herzogiana Pax & K. Hoffmann, A. hispida Burman f., and A. wilkesiana; the last has become naturalized in Florida. Acalypha herzogiana has escaped locally on Dauphin Island, Alabama (H. Horne, pers. comm.). It may escape locally elsewhere but might not become naturalized in the flora area, because the cultivated form is sterile, although pieces of the plant root readily if they are spread. It is an herbaceous perennial readily recognized by its erect, feathery, red spikes of sterile pistillate flowers (V. W. Steinmann and G. A. Levin 2011).</p><!--
--><p>Acalypha mexicana Müller Arg. [A. indica Linnaeus var. mexicana (Müller Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffmann], native from central Mexico to Guatemala, was collected twice early in the twentieth century in southeastern Arizona but has not been collected there since and presumably did not become established. It will key here to A. australis; A. mexicana differs in having pistillate bracts that are 10 mm and eglandular (versus 10–15 mm and glandular) and allomorphic flowers that are common, long-pedicelled, and 1-carpellate (versus rare, sessile, and 2-carpellate).</p><!--
--><p>Some Acalypha species, including about half of those in the flora area, produce allomorphic pistillate flowers (A. Radcliffe-Smith 1973). These flowers may be mixed with normal pistillate or staminate flowers or be terminal on the inflorescence. Their pistils generally have fewer carpels than normal pistillate flowers of the same species, bear sub-basal rather than terminal styles, and develop into nutlets or schizocarps, frequently bearing bristles or variously ornamented outgrowths that presumably facilitate dispersal. Unlike normal pistillate flowers, allomorphic flowers frequently lack bracts and are borne on elongate pedicels. Characters of these flowers generally are species-specific and useful for identification (Radcliffe-Smith).</p><!--
--><p>The bracts subtending normal pistillate flowers of most Acalypha species, including all in the flora area, enlarge as the fruits develop. Measurements for these bracts, referred to here as pistillate bracts, and the pistillate portion of the inflorescences given in the key and descriptions are post-anthesis, after the bracts have completed most or all of their growth.</p><!--
--><p>Seed descriptions pertain to those from normal pistillate flowers.</p><!--
--><p>The sequence of species below starts with shrubs (species 1 and 2), followed by subshrubs and perennial herbs (species 3 to 6), and concludes with annual herbs (species 7 to 18). Within each growth form, similar species are grouped together.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=levin1995a
|text=Levin, G. A. 1995. Systematics of the Acalypha californica complex (Euphorbiaceae). Madroño 41: 254–265.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=levin1999a
|text=Levin, G. A. 1999. Evolution in the Acalypha gracilens/monococca complex (Euphorbiaceae): Morphological analysis. Syst. Bot. 23: 269–287.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=levin1999b
|text=Levin, G. A. 1999b. Notes on Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) in North America. Rhodora 101: 217–233.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=miller1964a
|text=Miller, L. W. 1964. A Taxonomic Study of the Species of Acalypha in the United States. Ph.D. dissertation. Purdue University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=radcliffe-smith1973a
|text=Radcliffe-Smith, A. 1973. Allomorphic female flowers in the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae). Kew Bull. 28: 525–529.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Shrubs.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades 1–5 cm; stems stipitate-glandular; plants 5–10 dm; Arizona, California.
|[[Acalypha californica|Acalypha californica]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades 9–20 cm; stems not glandular; plants 20–50 dm; Florida.
|[[Acalypha wilkesiana|Acalypha wilkesiana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Herbs or subshrubs.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pistillate bract lobes linear or proximally deltate with linear tips.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Pistillate bracts densely crowded (inflorescence axis not or sparingly visible between bracts), abaxial surfaces long-hirsute (nonglandular hairs to 2 mm), lobes proximally deltate with linear tips, smooth.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Stems, petioles, and peduncles stipitate-glandular; pistillate inflorescences terminal; styles unbranched or rarely 2-fid.
|[[Acalypha alopecuroidea|Acalypha alopecuroidea]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Stems, petioles, and peduncles not stipitate-glandular; pistillate (and bisexual) inflorescences axillary; styles multifid or laciniate.
|[[Acalypha arvensis|Acalypha arvensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Pistillate bracts loosely arranged (inflorescence axis visible between bracts), abaxial surfaces glabrous or pubescent (nonglandular hairs to 0.3 mm, glandular hairs may be longer), lobes linear, muricate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf bases cordate; pistillate bracts pubescent and stipitate-glandular; capsules spiny; seeds tuberculate.
|[[Acalypha ostryifolia|Acalypha ostryifolia]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf bases obtuse to rounded or truncate; pistillate bracts glabrous; capsules smooth; seeds minutely pitted.
|[[Acalypha setosa|Acalypha setosa]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pistillate bract lobes deltate (without linear tips), triangular, attenuate, narrowly oblong, lanceolate, spatulate, or rounded.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Inflorescences (all or some) terminal.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems erect; leaf blades 2–6 cm.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences usually bisexual (rarely staminate portion replaced by allomorphic pistillate flowers), all terminal; petioles 0.2–1 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers rare, pedicels 3–5 mm, without bracts.
|[[Acalypha phleoides|Acalypha phleoides]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescences unisexual, pistillate terminal (sometimes on short lateral branches, appearing axillary), staminate axillary; petioles 1–4 cm; allomorphic pistillate flowers common, pedicels rudimentary, bracts like those of normal pistillate flowers.
|[[Acalypha neomexicana|Acalypha neomexicana]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stems prostrate to ascending; leaf blades 0.3–2.5 cm.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Petioles 0.1–0.5 cm, less than 1/3 leaf blade length; inflorescences all bisexual and terminal; Florida.
|[[Acalypha chamaedrifolia|Acalypha chamaedrifolia]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Petioles 0.4–2.5 cm, more than 2/3 leaf blade length; inflorescences unisexual or bisexual, terminal and axillary; Texas.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blade margins shallowly crenate; pistillate bract lobes 1/4 bract length.
|[[Acalypha monostachya|Acalypha monostachya]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blade margins deeply crenate; pistillate bract lobes 1/2 bract length.
|[[Acalypha radians|Acalypha radians]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Inflorescences all axillary.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pistillate bracts 4–5 mm; styles unbranched.
|[[Acalypha poiretii|Acalypha poiretii]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pistillate bracts 6–15(–20) mm; styles multifid or laciniate.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Pistillate bract lobes rounded, 1/20 bract length.
|[[Acalypha australis|Acalypha australis]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Pistillate bract lobes deltate, triangular, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1/10–3/4 bract length.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blades linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate; pistillate bracts sessile-glandular, lobes deltate, 1/10–1/4 bract length.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Pistils 3-carpellate.
|[[Acalypha gracilens|Acalypha gracilens]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Pistils 1-carpellate.
|[[Acalypha monococca|Acalypha monococca]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaf blades broadly lanceolate to ovate or rhombic; pistillate bracts not sessile-glandular (sometimes stipitate-glandular), lobes triangular to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1/4–3/4 bract length.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Pistillate bract abaxial surfaces hirsute (sometimes also stipitate-glandular), lobes (9–)10–14(–16), 1/4–1/2 bract length; stems usually hirsute.
|[[Acalypha virginica|Acalypha virginica]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Pistillate bract abaxial surfaces sparsely pubescent (usually also stipitate-glandular), lobes (5–)7–9(–11), 1/3–3/4 bract length; stems usually pubescent or glabrate, rarely hirsute.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Pistils (normal flowers) 2-carpellate; seeds 2.4–3.2 mm.
|[[Acalypha deamii|Acalypha deamii]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Pistils (normal flowers) 3-carpellate; seeds (1.2–)1.5–1.7(–2) mm.
|[[Acalypha rhomboidea|Acalypha rhomboidea]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Acalypha
|author=Geoffrey A. Levin
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Euphorbiaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia;in Europe;primarily tropical and subtropical regions;reaching temperate regions in eastern North America and eastern Asia
|reference=levin1995a;levin1999a;levin1999b;miller1964a;radcliffe-smith1973a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_5.xml
|genus=Acalypha
|achene reproduction=allomorphic
|adaxial gland prominence=inconspicuous
|anther architecture=twisted
|anther length=elongated
|base architecture or shape=pinnate
|blade shape=unlobed
|branch shape=thread-like
|caruncle presence=absent
|caruncle prominence=rudimentary
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;pistillate
|flower presence=absent
|flower reproduction=allomorphic
|fruit reproduction=allomorphic
|gland presence=absent;absent;absent
|hair architecture=unbranched
|hair architecture or function or pubescence=glandular
|hair presence=absent
|inflorescence position=terminal;axillary
|inflorescence reproduction=bisexual;unisexual
|laminar gland architecture=palmate
|laminar gland presence=absent
|latex presence=absent
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=drought-deciduous;persistent
|margin shape=crenate;subentire
|nectary presence=absent;absent
|pedicel presence=absent;absent;absent;absent
|pedicel quantity=allomorphic;pistillate;staminate
|petal presence=absent;absent
|petiole presence=absent
|pistil architecture=(1-)3-carpellate
|pistillode presence=absent
|schizocarp reproduction=allomorphic
|seed shape=ellipsoid;subglobose
|sepal architecture=not petaloid
|sepal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
|sepal atypical some measurement=2mm;3mm
|sepal fusion=distinct;distinct
|sepal quantity=3;4
|sepal some measurement=1mm;2mm
|stamen fusion=distinct
|stamen quantity=4;8
|stipule duration=deciduous;persistent
|stipule presence=absent
|style architecture=unbranched
|style atypical quantity=1;3
|style fusion=connate;distinct
|style quantity=3
|style shape=2-fid;laciniate;multifid
|subtending flower architecture=pistillate
|subtending flower size=enlarging
|thyrse shape=spikelike
|whole_organism architecture=unarmed
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;herb
|whole_organism reproduction=dioecious;monoecious
|x chromosome quantity=10
}}<!--

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