View source for Achillea

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Achillea
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 896. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 382. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Milfoil;achillée
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae;Achillea
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Achillea]]</div></div>
|etymology=for Greek god Achilles, who is supposed to have used the plants to treat his wounds
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 14, 487
|treatment_page=page 492
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Perennials </b>[subshrubs], 6–80 cm (usually rhizomatous, sometimes fibrous-rooted or taprooted; usually aromatic).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>1 (–4+, clustered), usually erect, branched mostly distally, glabrous or sparsely to densely lanate (hairs usually basifixed).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal (often withering before flowering) and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate or sessile (bases ± clasping);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;abaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence">blades (cauline equaling basal or slightly smaller distally) linear to oblong-lanceolate, usually 1–2 [–4] -pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire, abaxial faces sparsely to densely lanate, adaxial faces glabrate to sparsely tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture or arrangement;array architecture;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>radiate [discoid], in compact to open (± flat-topped), simple or compound, corymbiform arrays [borne singly].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>campanulate to hemispheric, mostly 2–3 (–5+) mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllary duration;phyllary quantity;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;series atypical quantity;series atypical quantity;series quantity;margin size;margin texture;apex size;apex texture"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, 10–30 in (1–) 2–3 (–4) series, oblong, ovate, or oblanceolate to lanceolate (midribs conspicuous), unequal, margins and apices (pale to black) scarious.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle shape;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>usually flat to slightly convex, rarely conic, paleate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="palea texture;palea architecture or shape">paleae membranous, ± folded (sometimes each with central resin duct).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture;ray-floret reproduction"><b>Ray-</b>florets [0] 3–5 (–12+), usually pistillate and fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;lamina shape">corollas usually white (laminae yellow at bases), sometimes pale-yellow to pink or purple (tubes ± flattened), laminae orbiculate to suborbiculate (becoming reflexed).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="disc-floret atypical quantity;disc-floret quantity;disc-floret presence;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets usually (5–) 15–75+, rarely 0, bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="corolla coloration;tube shape;throat shape;lobe quantity;lobe shape">corollas white to grayish or yellowish [yellow, pink], tubes ± flattened (bases ± saccate, clasping apices of cypselae), throats ± campanulate, lobes 5, ± deltate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape"><b>Cypselae </b>obcompressed, oblong to obovate (margins sometimes winged, apices rounded);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="rib quantity;rib position">ribs usually 2, lateral (sometimes plus 1 adaxial), faces glabrous (pericarps with myxogenic cells, sometimes with resin sacs; embryo-sac development monosporic).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="face pubescence;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Subtropic to temperate and arctic regions of North America and Eurasia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 115 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Centers of diversity for Achillea are in Europe and Asia. Achillea ageratum, A. distans, and A. ligustica have been reported as occurring in North America. Labels on herbarium specimens examined indicated that those reports were based on cultivated plants; there is no evidence that any of the three has become established in our flora. Achillea filipendulina may be persistent or established in California (F. Hrusa et al. 2002) and in Michigan (E. Voss 1972–1996, vol. 3).</p><!--
--><p>Achillea includes aromatic herbs with diverse vegetative morphologies. Floral characters show much less variation. Some species are widely cultivated both in Eurasia and North America. Interspecific hybridization has made identifications difficult and has evidently contributed to long lists of synonyms for some species.</p><!--
--><p>Plants of Achillea contain secondary metabolites with purported therapeutic and pharmacologic uses. Native Americans used the plants to treat earaches, diarrhea, and hemorrhages.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=clausen1948a
|text=Clausen, J., D. D. Keck, and W. M. Hiesey. 1948. Experimental studies on the nature of species. III. Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 581.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=pollard1899a
|text=Pollard, C. L. 1899. The genus Achillea in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 26: 365–372.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tyrl1975a
|text=Tyrl, R. J. 1975. Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America. Brittonia 27: 187–196.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes of single leaves often arrayed in multiple planes)
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaf blades not lobed (margins usually serrulate, rarely subentire or serrate to doubly serrate)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Phyllaries 20–30 in 3 series; ray florets (3–)5–8, laminae 1.5–3 × 1.5–3 mm; cypselae 1–2 mm
|[[Achillea millefolium|Achillea millefolium]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Phyllaries 10–13 in (1–)2 series; ray florets 8–10(–13), laminae 1–1.5 × 2–2.5 mm; cypselae 0.75–1 mm
|[[Achillea nobilis|Achillea nobilis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae 4–5 mm; disc florets 45–75+; leaf margins usually serrulate, rarely subentire.
|[[Achillea ptarmica|Achillea ptarmica]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae 1–3 mm; disc florets 25–30+; leaf margins serrate or doubly serrate (teeth antrorse)
|[[Achillea alpina|Achillea alpina]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Achillea
|author=Debra K. Trock
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=Linny Heagy
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Subtropic to temperate and arctic regions of North America and Eurasia
|reference=clausen1948a;pollard1899a;tyrl1975a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_821.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae
|genus=Achillea
|abaxial face pubescence=lanate
|adaxial face pubescence=glabrate;sparsely tomentose
|apex size=unequal
|apex texture=scarious
|array architecture=corymbiform;compact;open simple or compound
|blade shape=lobed;linear;oblong-lanceolate
|corolla coloration=white;grayish or yellowish
|cypsela shape=oblong;obovate
|disc-floret atypical quantity=5;15
|disc-floret presence=absent
|disc-floret quantity=15;75
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=glabrous
|head architecture or arrangement=radiate
|involucre diameter=2mm;3mm
|involucre shape=campanulate;hemispheric
|lamina shape=orbiculate;suborbiculate
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=deltate
|margin size=unequal
|margin texture=scarious
|palea architecture or shape=folded
|palea texture=membranous
|phyllary duration=persistent
|phyllary quantity=10;30
|phyllary shape=oblanceolate;lanceolate
|ray-floret architecture=pistillate
|ray-floret atypical quantity=5;12
|ray-floret quantity=3;5
|ray-floret reproduction=fertile
|receptacle architecture=paleate
|receptacle shape=conic;usually flat;slightly convex
|rib position=lateral
|rib quantity=2
|series atypical quantity=3;4
|series quantity=2;3
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrous or;sparsely densely lanate
|stem quantity=1
|throat shape=campanulate
|tube shape=flattened
|ultimate margin architecture or shape=entire
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole-organism some measurement=6cm;80cm
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae]]