View source for Arbutus ← Arbutus You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Arbutus |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=1: 395. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 187. 1754 , }} |common_names=Madrone;madroño |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Ericaceae;Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae;Arbutus |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ericaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Arbutus]]</div></div> |etymology=Classical Latin name for European strawberry tree, A. unedo Linnaeus |volume=Volume 8 |mention_page=page 372, 375, 397 |treatment_page=page 398 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;base shape;base shape"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, sometimes with swollen burl-like base (capable of resprouting after fire);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark relief;axis life cycle;portion life cycle;limb size;pattern architecture or course;bark coloration;branchlet life cycle">bark red or reddish-brown, exfoliating in flakes on young axes, retained on oldest portions of trunk and abaxial side of major limbs where forming an irregular checked pattern, or bark at first flaking on young branchlets then retained, eventually uniformly checkered over all main axes (A. arizonica).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, branching;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="branchlet life cycle;branchlet pubescence;branchlet pubescence;branchlet pubescence">young branchlets glandular-hairy, thinly tomentose, or both, or glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="sprout length">new growth of rapidly elongating sprouts usually with glandular-hairs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="sprout growth life cycle">(buds ovate, apex acute, glossy red, sometimes glabrate, usually only terminal buds well developed and conspicuous; bud-scales accrescent, 8–16, imbricate).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>bifacial or isofacial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade texture;margin shape;margin shape;shoot reproduction;surface pubescence">blade ovate (widest slightly proximal to middle) or elliptic, coriaceous, margins entire or finely to coarsely toothed on sprouts and sterile shoots, plane, surfaces ± glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>clusters of racemes, 10–40-flowered.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal shape">sepals persistent, 5, connate basally, ovate to deltate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal lengths;petal coloration;corolla shape">petals 5, connate nearly their entire lengths, creamy white [yellowish], corolla urceolate, (soon developing post-anthesis circumferential dimple near mid length, base inflated);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen position">stamens 10, included, (distinct);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament size;filament size;base shape">filaments slender distally, abruptly expanded proximally into swollen base, (villous proximally);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther dehiscence;dorsal awn quantity;pore position;pore arrangement or shape">anthers with 2 dorsal awns adaxially, dehiscent by subterminal, elliptic pores;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 5-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma architecture or shape">stigma capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry coloration;berry shape;berry shape;berry texture;berry relief;berry pubescence;berry pubescence"><b>Berries </b>orange-red, red, or blackish red, ± globose or slightly turbinate, juicy, roughened-tuberculate, glabrous or thinly hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="pyrene quantity;pyrene fusion">pyrenes 1–5, not connate into stone.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>1–5, distinct, (irregularly angled).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed fusion;x chromosome quantity">x = 13.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=sw;w North America;Mexico;Central America;s;w Europe;n Africa;n Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands) |discussion=<p>Unedo Hoffmansegg & Link</p><!-- --><p>Species 10 (3 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Five species of Arbutus occur in the Neotropics, and all extend north of the Tropic of Cancer. In the Tropics, the plants are found primarily in montane areas associating with Pinus and Quercus species. Populations north of Mexico inhabit riverine woodlands (A. arizonica) or progressively drier environments, associating with pinyon-juniper vegetation (A. xalapensis) in Texas and New Mexico, and dry wooded slopes and canyons (A. menziesii) in California, Oregon, and southwestern Washington, increasingly moist but well-drained habitats in northwestern Washington, islands of Puget Sound and San Juan Archipelago, and southwestern British Columbia.</p><!-- --><p>Species of Arbutus are easily confused with some members of the genus Comarostaphylis because of the exfoliating bark and berrylike fruit common to both. The fruit alone distinguishes them: Arbutus species produce a true berry with multiple locules and seeds, whereas Comarostaphylis species produce a drupe with one central stone enclosing a single seed. Taxonomically, the Arbutus species of the Old World and New World are included in a single genus. A. P. de Candolle (1839) perceived a morphological distinction between the two geographic groups. He maintained a single genus and established two subgenera that he named Gerontogeae (sect. Arbutus) for the Old World taxa and Americanae for those of the New World. L. C. Hileman et al. (2001) presented corroborative molecular data suggesting that the two geographic groups represent separate lineages.</p><!-- --><p>Arbutus unedo is cultivated as an ornamental tree in California, where it flowers and fruits. It is reported to succeed in the USDA hardiness zones 8–10, extending along the Pacific Coast from southwestern Oregon into the region north of Los Angeles, California. It grows also in all of coastal Washington and southwestern British Columbia.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf blades usually tapered-acute at base, rarely rounded; bark light gray to reddish gray, checkered with squarish to rectangular segments or plates, 1-4 × 1-2.5 cm, retained on bole and major limbs; twigs 3+ years old with brick-red outer bark exfoliating in flakes or, sometimes, in slender strips. |[[Arbutus arizonica|Arbutus arizonica]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Leaf blades usually rounded or subcordate at base, sometimes tapered; bark on young twigs exfoliating in irregular strips, exfoliating on larger limbs and bole in flakes and sheets, older bark retained only at base of tree or on abaxial sides of larger limbs |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants 4-10(-20) m; leaf blades 6.5-13 × 3.5-6(-8) cm, glaucous-green abaxially; western coast of North America. |[[Arbutus menziesii|Arbutus menziesii]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Plants 2-4(-8) m; leaf blades (2.5-)4-6(-7.5) × (1.2-)1.8-3(-4) cm, green or slightly lighter green abaxially; New Mexico, Texas |[[Arbutus xalapensis|Arbutus xalapensis]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Arbutus |author=Paul D. Sørensen |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=subfamily |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Ericaceae |distribution=sw;w North America;Mexico;Central America;s;w Europe;n Africa;n Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands) |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753; |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_751.xml |subfamily=Ericaceae subfam. Arbutoideae |genus=Arbutus |anther dehiscence=dehiscent |axis life cycle=young |bark coloration=checkered;reddish-brown;red |bark relief=exfoliating |base shape=swollen;burl-like;swollen |berry coloration=blackish red;red;blackish red;red;orange-red |berry pubescence=hairy;glabrous |berry relief=roughened-tuberculate |berry shape=turbinate;globose |berry texture=juicy |blade shape=elliptic;ovate |blade texture=coriaceous |branchlet life cycle=young;young |branchlet pubescence=glabrous;tomentose;glandular-hairy |corolla shape=urceolate |dorsal awn quantity=2 |filament size=expanded;slender |flower reproduction=bisexual |inflorescence architecture=10-40-flowered |inflorescence arrangement=cluster |leaf architecture=isofacial;bifacial |limb size=major |margin shape=plane;entire or;finely coarsely toothed |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=5-locular |pattern architecture or course=irregular |petal coloration=creamy white |petal fusion=connate |petal lengths=entire |petal quantity=5 |pore arrangement or shape=elliptic |pore position=subterminal |portion life cycle=oldest |pyrene fusion=not connate |pyrene quantity=1;5 |seed fusion=distinct |seed quantity=1;5 |sepal duration=persistent |sepal fusion=connate |sepal quantity=5 |sepal shape=ovate;deltate |shoot reproduction=sterile |sprout growth life cycle=new |sprout length=elongating |stamen position=included |stamen quantity=10 |stem architecture=branching |stem orientation=erect |stigma architecture or shape=capitate |surface pubescence=glabrous |whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub |x chromosome quantity=13 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Ericaceae subfam. 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