View source for Arenaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Arenaria
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 423. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 193. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Sandwort;sabline
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Spergulastrum
|authority=Michaux
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae;Arenaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Arenaria]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin arena, sand, a common habitat
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 4, 7, 8, 50, 57, 71, 105, 117, 137
|treatment_page=page 51
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial, sometimes densely matted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot shape;taproot size or width"><b>Taproots </b>filiform to moderately thickened;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="rhizome size">rhizomes slender.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem shape;stem arrangement or shape;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>prostrate to ascending or erect, simple or branched, terete to ellipsoid, angular or grooved.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf fusion;leaf architecture;leaf architecture or arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>mostly connate, mostly sessile, not congested at or near base of flowering-stem;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade architecture;blade architecture;blade shape;blade texture;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape">blade 1-veined or 3–5-veined, rarely linear or linear-lanceolate to usually elliptic to ovate or rarely orbiculate, sometimes subsucculent or succulent, apex blunt or obtuse to acute, acuminate, or apiculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="terminal or axillary cyme architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal or axillary open cymes, or flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract arrangement;bract size;bract architecture">bracts paired, smaller, foliaceous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel orientation"><b>Pedicels </b>erect or ascending to reflexed in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position"><b>Flowers:</b> perianth and androecium hypogynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal fusion;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal shape;sepal some measurement;margin architecture;margin coloration;margin texture;apex shape;apex architecture">sepals 5, distinct or barely connate proximally, green or rarely distally purple, lanceolate to broadly ovate, 2–5 mm, margins foliaceous or white and scarious, apex obtuse to rounded or acute to acuminate, not hooded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal presence;petal coloration;petal shape;blade apex architecture or shape">petals 5 or absent, white, not clawed, blade apex entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="filament arrangement;sepal arrangement">nectaries at base of filaments opposite sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen orientation">stamens 10 (ca. 8 in A. livermorensis), arising from base of ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="staminode presence">staminodes absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style shape;style some measurement;style pubescence">styles 3, filiform, 0.5–2 mm, glabrous proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma arrangement or course or shape;stigma relief;stigma quantity">stigmas 3, linear along adaxial surfaces of styles, papillate (30×).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="capsule shape;tooth quantity;tooth orientation"><b>Capsules </b>broadly ellipsoid or ovoid to cylindric, opening by 6 ascending to recurved teeth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpophore presence">carpophore absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed reflectance;seed reflectance;seed relief;seed relief;seed relief;seed relief;seed relief;marginal wing presence"><b>Seeds </b>[1–] 5–35, brown to dark-brown or black, reniform or suborbicular, laterally compressed or not, shiny or dull, smooth, rugulose, or tuberculate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="appendage presence;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = [7, 8?] 10, 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North-temperate regions;w North America (including Mexico);Central America;South America (Andes);Eurasian mountains;Mediterranean region;Asia Minor
|discussion=<p>Species 210 (9 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Our treatment of Arenaria follows J. McNeill (1962, 1980b) in segregating Minuartia from Arenaria, while we take an additional step in recognizing Eremogone. While a broad concept of Arenaria is often used in North American works (e.g., B. E. Wofford 1981), splitting Arenaria is supported by morphological and molecular evidence (M. Nepokroeff et al. 2001).</p><!--
--><p>J. McNeill (1962) outlined an infrageneric classification of Arenaria consisting of ten subgenera. The nine species of Arenaria occurring in North America belong to two subgenera (Leiosperma McNeill and Arenaria) and two sections within subg. Arenaria (Rariflorae F. Williams and Arenaria). Based in part on recent molecular evidence (M. Nepokroeff et al. 2001), we are here treating two of McNeill’s subgenera as belonging to the genus Eremogone.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annual, not mat-forming; stems erect to ascending
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants perennial, often mat-forming, usually rhizomatous; stems prostrate, seldom erect or ascending
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems uniformly puberulent; leaf blades 3-5-veined; sepals 3-veined, stipitate-glandular
|[[Arenaria serpyllifolia|Arenaria serpyllifolia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems puberulent in 2 lines; leaf blades 1-veined; sepals 1-veined, glabrous
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals strongly keeled proximally; seeds dark brown to black, shiny, suborbicular, obscurely tuberculate
|[[Arenaria ludens|Arenaria ludens]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals not keeled; seeds ashy brown, dull, broadly reniform, minutely/prominently rounded-tuberculate
|[[Arenaria benthamii|Arenaria benthamii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants cespitose or pulvinate; stems usually shorter than 10 cm; seeds brown to black, rugulose or tuberculate; boreal
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants with stems mostly longer than 10 cm (if matted, then to 4 cm); seeds dark brown or black, shiny, smooth; s, sw United States
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Rhizomes absent; sepals narrowly lanceolate; petals obovate, 12/ 3-2 times as long as sepals; seeds black to reddish brown, low-tuberculate
|[[Arenaria pseudofrigida|Arenaria pseudofrigida]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Rhizomes present, sepals ovate; petals broadly elliptic or oblanceolate, ± 1-11/ 2 times as long as sepals; seeds brown, rugulose or faintly so
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade margins ciliate proximally; pedicels 10-20 mm; capsules ellipsoid
|[[Arenaria longipedunculata|Arenaria longipedunculata]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blade margins smooth; pedicels 1-10 mm; capsules broadly ellipsoid
|[[Arenaria humifusa|Arenaria humifusa]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants matted, mosslike; leaf blade margins with peglike cilia
|[[Arenaria livermorensis|Arenaria livermorensis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants not matted; leaf blade margins glabrous or with hairlike cilia
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stem internodes and pedicels glabrous; sepals obscurely 1-veined, apices obtuse to rounded; petals 1 2-2 times as long as sepals
|[[Arenaria paludicola|Arenaria paludicola]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stem internodes and pedicels retrorsely-pubescent; sepals 1-3-veined, apices acute to acuminate; petals 2-1 5 times as long as sepals
|[[Arenaria lanuginosa|Arenaria lanuginosa]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Arenaria
|author=Ronald L. Hartman;Richard K. Rabeler;Frederick H. Utech
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=Spergulastrum
|basionyms=
|family=Caryophyllaceae
|distribution=North-temperate regions;w North America (including Mexico);Central America;South America (Andes);Eurasian mountains;Mediterranean region;Asia Minor
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_100.xml
|subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae
|genus=Arenaria
|androecium position=hypogynous
|apex architecture=not hooded
|apex shape=obtuse;rounded or acute
|appendage presence=absent
|blade apex architecture or shape=entire
|blade architecture=3-5-veined;1-veined
|blade shape=linear-lanceolate;usually elliptic
|blade texture=succulent
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract arrangement=paired
|bract size=smaller
|capsule shape=ovoid;cylindric
|carpophore presence=absent
|filament arrangement=opposite
|filament fusion=distinct
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|leaf architecture=sessile
|leaf architecture or arrangement=not congested
|leaf fusion=connate
|margin architecture=foliaceous
|margin coloration=white
|margin texture=scarious
|marginal wing presence=absent
|pedicel orientation=ascending;reflexed
|perianth position=hypogynous
|petal coloration=white
|petal presence=absent
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=not clawed
|rhizome size=slender
|seed atypical quantity=1;5
|seed coloration=brown;dark-brown or black
|seed quantity=5;35
|seed reflectance=dull;shiny
|seed relief=tuberculate;rugulose;tuberculate;rugulose;smooth
|seed shape=not;compressed;suborbicular;reniform
|sepal arrangement=opposite
|sepal coloration=purple;green
|sepal fusion=connate;distinct
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=lanceolate;broadly ovate
|sepal some measurement=2mm;5mm
|stamen orientation=arising
|stamen quantity=10
|staminode presence=absent
|stem architecture=grooved;branched;simple
|stem arrangement or shape=angular
|stem orientation=prostrate;ascending or erect
|stem shape=terete;ellipsoid
|stigma arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stigma quantity=[30;3
|stigma relief=papillate
|style pubescence=glabrous
|style quantity=3
|style shape=filiform
|style some measurement=0.5mm;2mm
|taproot shape=filiform
|taproot size or width=thickened
|terminal or axillary cyme architecture=open
|tooth orientation=ascending;recurved
|tooth quantity=6
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;matted
|x chromosome quantity=11;10;8;[7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]