View source for Argemone

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Argemone
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 508. 175
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 225. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Prickly-poppy
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Papaveraceae;Argemone
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Papaveraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Argemone]]</div></div>
|etymology=a poppylike herb mentioned by Pliny
|volume=Volume 3
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form;taproot duration"><b>Herbs </b>or subshrubs, annual or perennial, caulescent, glaucous, from transitory or persistent taproots;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="sap coloration">sap white to orange.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem architecture;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>leafy, branching.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="basal leaf arrangement;cauline leaf arrangement">basal rosulate, cauline alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape">blade unlobed or commonly shallowly to deeply 1×-lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="margin architecture or shape">margins dentate, each tooth terminated by prickle;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="surface pubescence;surface coloration;surface architecture;surface architecture;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">surfaces glaucous, often mottled over veins, unarmed or prickly, glabrous or hispid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, cymose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bract presence">bracts present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower prominence;bract architecture"><b>Flowers </b>conspicuous, sometimes subtended by foliaceous bracts;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal architecture;sepal architecture;sepal quantity;sepal quantity;horn orientation;horn position;horn architecture;horn architecture">sepals 2 or 3, unarmed or prickly, each with erect, subterminal, hollow horn tipped with prickle;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;whorl quantity;whorl quantity">petals 6, in 2 whorls of 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 20-250 or more;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil 3-5 (-7) -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 1-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style height or length or size;style some measurement">style short, to 3 mm in fruit;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma shape">stigma 3-5 (-7) -lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="capsule orientation;capsule architecture;capsule architecture;capsule architecture;capsule architecture;capsule dehiscence;apex length;valve arrangement;element architecture;style duration;style fixation;stigma duration;stigma fixation"><b>Capsules </b>erect, 3-5 (-7) -valved, grooved over sutures, prickly, rarely unarmed, dehiscing from apex ca. 1/3 length, valves separating from framework of vascular elements, to which persistent style and stigma remain attached.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed relief;seed some measurement"><b>Seeds </b>numerous, subglobose, minutely pitted, 1-3 mm, aril present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="aril presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 14.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;South America;Hawaii;in other tropical and temperate regions of the world
|discussion=<p>Species 32 (15 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>None of the North American species occurs in South America except for the pantropical weeds Argemone mexicana and, probably, A. ochroleuca. Argemone glauca is endemic to Hawaii. Three suffrutescent, perennial species are known from Mexico in Coahuila (A. fruticosa) and Chihuahua (A. turnerae, A. ownbeyana).</p><!--
--><p>Most herbaceous species can be hybridized, but the F1 plants are sterile when the parents differ in ploidy level. The F2 generation, when achieved, consists mainly of plants of low vigor.</p><!--
--><p>The alkaloids of Argemone have been studied extensively. F. S. Stermitz (1968) has suggested that the species fall into four groups (one with two subgroups) according to their alkaloidal properties, and that these groups coincide to a considerable degree with the informal species alliances suggested by G. B. Ownbey (1958). A full evaluation of the importance of alkaloidal content to Argemone taxonomy and evolution has not been published, but there is little doubt that it is highly significant.</p><!--
--><p>The name Argemone intermedia Sweet (Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 1830) is encountered in several regional and local floras but is of uncertain application.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petals yellow, golden, or bronze.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petals white or pale lavender.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stamens 150 or more, filaments red or purplish; flowers 7–12 cm wide; petals bright yellow to golden or bronze.
|[[Argemone aenea|Argemone aenea]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stamens 20–75, filaments yellow; flowers 3–7 cm broad; petals pale lemon yellow to bright yellow.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flower buds subglobose, body length ± equal to breadth; petals mostly bright yellow.
|[[Argemone mexicana|Argemone mexicana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flower buds oblong, body length 1.5–2 times breadth; petals mostly pale lemon yellow.
|[[Argemone ochroleuca|Argemone ochroleuca]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf surfaces prickly on veins, often also minutely prickly or hispid between veins; stems usually closely prickly.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf surfaces rarely prickly except on veins or unarmed; stems with widely spaced prickles or almost unarmed (copiously long-prickly in A. arizonica).
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Longest capsular prickles simple, 5–8(–10) mm.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Longest capsular prickles branched, usually 8–35 mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Distal leaf blades not clasping; leaf surfaces densely crisped-hispid between main veins.
|[[Argemone hispida|Argemone hispida]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Distal leaf blades usually definitely clasping; leaf surfaces variously prickly but not crisped-hispid.
|[[Argemone munita|Argemone munita]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Longest capsular prickles 15–35 mm.
|[[Argemone aurantiaca|Argemone aurantiaca]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Largest capsular prickles about 8–15 mm.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Apices of leaf lobes angular, marginal teeth 3 mm or more; flowers usually closely subtended by 1–2 foliaceous bracts.
|[[Argemone squarrosa|Argemone squarrosa]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Apices of leaf lobes usually definitely rounded, marginal teeth usually less than 1 mm; flowers usually not closely subtended by foliaceous bracts.
|[[Argemone munita|Argemone munita]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Longest capsular prickles branched, usually 8–35 mm.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Longest capsular prickles simple, 4–10(–12) mm.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Longest capsular prickles 15–35 mm.
|[[Argemone aurantiaca|Argemone aurantiaca]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Longest capsular prickles 8–15 mm.
|[[Argemone squarrosa|Argemone squarrosa]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Prickles (when present) of sepals and sepal horns ascending, or sepals unarmed; blades of proximal leaves often lobed less than 1/2 distance to midrib.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Prickles (when present) of sepals and sepal horns patent; blades of proximal leaves mostly lobed more than 1/2 distance to midrib.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaf blades thick and leathery; stamens 100–120.
|[[Argemone corymbosa|Argemone corymbosa]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Leaf blades often succulent, but not leathery; stamens 150 or more.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Flower buds obovoid or oblong; sepal horns usually flattened adaxially.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Flower buds usually subglobose, rarely ellipsoid or ellipsoid-oblong; sepal horns terete.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Flower buds obovoid; surface of sepal horns prickly; blades of proximal leaves lobed ca. 3/4 distance to midrib, apices of lobes angular, marginal teeth prominent.
|[[Argemone pleiacantha|Argemone pleiacantha]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Flower buds oblong; surface of sepal horns unarmed; blades of proximal leaves lobed ca. 1/2 distance to midrib, apices of lobes rounded, marginal teeth very short.
|[[Argemone munita|Argemone munita]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Distal leaves not evidently clasping; stems with scattered prickles, the longest 7–10 mm.
|[[Argemone gracilenta|Argemone gracilenta]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Distal leaves clasping; stems with shorter prickles.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Sepal horns 6–10(–15) mm; flower buds ellipsoid-oblong; capsules narrowly to broadly ellipsoid.
|[[Argemone polyanthemos|Argemone polyanthemos]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Sepal horns 3–6(–10) mm; flower buds subglobose to broadly ellipsoid; capsules oblong to oblong-ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid.
|[[Argemone albiflora|Argemone albiflora]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Blades of distal leaves usually definitely clasping; blades of proximal leaves lobed ca. 1/2–3/4 distance to midrib.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Blades of distal leaves not definitely clasping; blades of proximal leaves lobed 4/5 distance to midrib or more.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Blades of proximal leaves lobed ca. 3/4 distance to midrib, apices of lobes angular.
|[[Argemone pleiacantha|Argemone pleiacantha]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Blades of proximal leaves lobed 1/2 or less distance to midrib, apices of lobes usually rounded.
|[[Argemone munita|Argemone munita]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Flower buds usually subglobose; sepal horns terete, usually slender, unarmed.
|[[Argemone gracilenta|Argemone gracilenta]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Flower buds oblong to obovoid or ellipsoid; sepal horns terete or flattened or angular, usually prickly.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Stems copiously long-prickly, often decumbent, diffusely branched; blades of basal and proximal leaves lobed nearly to midrib, lobe length often 5 times width; sepal horns 12–15 mm.
|[[Argemone arizonica|Argemone arizonica]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Stems sparsely to copiously prickly, erect, not diffusely branched; blades of basal and proximal leaves lobed 4/5 distanct to midrib or less, lobes proportionately broader; sepal horns 5–12 mm.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Flower buds usually oblong-obovoid, rarely subglobose; sepal horns usually flattened adaxially, rarely terete.
|[[Argemone pleiacantha|Argemone pleiacantha]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Flower buds broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-oblong; sepal horns terete or angular.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Stems often closely prickly; capsules narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid; seeds 1.8–2.2 mm.
|[[Argemone chisosensis|Argemone chisosensis]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Stems not closely prickly; capsules narrowly to broadly ellipsoid; seeds about 1.5 mm.
|[[Argemone sanguinea|Argemone sanguinea]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Argemone
|author=Gerald B. Ownbey
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Papaveraceae
|distribution=North America;South America;Hawaii;in other tropical and temperate regions of the world
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V3/V3_606.xml
|genus=Argemone
|apex length=1/3
|aril presence=absent
|basal leaf arrangement=rosulate
|blade shape=1×-lobed;commonly shallowly;unlobed
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract presence=absent
|capsule architecture=unarmed;prickly;grooved;3-5(-7)-valved
|capsule dehiscence=dehiscing
|capsule orientation=erect
|cauline leaf arrangement=alternate
|element architecture=vascular
|flower prominence=conspicuous
|horn architecture=tipped;hollow
|horn orientation=erect
|horn position=subterminal
|inflorescence architecture=cymose
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf architecture=sessile
|margin architecture or shape=dentate
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|petal quantity=6
|pistil architecture=3-5(-7)-carpellate
|sap coloration=white;orange
|seed quantity=numerous
|seed relief=pitted
|seed shape=subglobose
|seed some measurement=1mm;3mm
|sepal architecture=list;count
|sepal quantity=3;2
|stamen quantity=20;250
|stem architecture=branching;leafy
|stigma duration=persistent
|stigma fixation=attached
|stigma shape=3-5(-7)-lobed
|style duration=persistent
|style fixation=attached
|style height or length or size=short
|style some measurement=0mm;3mm
|surface architecture=prickly;unarmed
|surface coloration=mottled
|surface pubescence=hispid;glabrous;glaucous
|taproot duration=persistent
|valve arrangement=separating
|whole_organism architecture=caulescent;caulescent
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual;perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=subshrub;herb
|whole_organism pubescence=glaucous;glaucous
|whorl quantity=3;2
|x chromosome quantity=14
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Papaveraceae]]