View source for Argythamnia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Argythamnia
|accepted_authority=P. Browne
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica,
|place=338. 1756
|year=1756
}}
|common_names=Silverbush;wild-mercury
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Aphora
|authority=Nuttall
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Ditaxis
|authority=Vahl ex A. Jussieu
|rank=genus
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Serophyton
|authority=Bentham
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Euphorbiaceae;Argythamnia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Euphorbiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Argythamnia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek argyros, silver-white, and thamnos, shrub, alluding to trunk and branches covered with whitish bark
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 157, 159, 173
|treatment_page=page 172
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="hair architecture;hair architecture;hair presence">hairs usually malpighiaceous (appressed and attached by the middle), sometimes unbranched [stellate], rarely absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="latex presence">latex absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>drought deciduous or persistent, alternate, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule duration">stipules present, persistent or deciduous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence;gland presence">petiole absent or present, glands usually absent (tack-shaped glands along length in A. adenophora);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape">blade unlobed, margins entire or serrate-dentate, laminar glands absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="laminar gland presence;laminar gland architecture;secondary-vein course or shape;secondary-vein arrangement">venation palmate (3-veined or 5-veined), secondary-veins arcuate, not closely spaced.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence position"><b>Inflorescences </b>unisexual or bisexual (pistillate flowers proximal, staminate distal), axillary, racemes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="gland position;bract presence">glands subtending each bract 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal arrangement or dehiscence;sepal fusion"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals [4–] 5, valvate, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;petal atypical quantity;petal quantity;petal fusion;petal fusion;petal fusion;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals [4–] 5, distinct, free or adnate to androphore, white, sometimes pale yellow-green or pale-purple proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary position;nectary atypical quantity;nectary quantity">nectary extrastaminal, [4–] 5 glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen fusion;whorl atypical quantity;whorl quantity">stamens [4–] (7–) 10 [–12] in [1–] 2 whorls, connate proximally forming androphore;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode quantity">staminodes 0–5, at apex of androphore;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillode absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal fusion"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals 5, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;petal quantity;petal prominence;petal presence;petal fusion;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals usually 5, sometimes rudimentary or 0, distinct, white, sometimes pale yellow-green or pale-purple proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary quantity">nectary 5 glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil architecture">pistil 3 (–4) -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;style quantity;style fusion;style fusion;style shape;branch quantity">styles 3, distinct or connate proximally, 2-fid, branches 6 per flower, [2 times 2-fid].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="fruits capsule relief"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, not muricate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>globose to ovoid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="caruncle presence">caruncle absent [present].</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;tropical and subtropical regions
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 80 (12 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>There has been controversy surrounding the taxonomic status of Argythamnia. Some authors have recognized Ditaxis, which includes all of the species in the flora area, at the generic level (G. L. Webster 1994b; A. Radcliffe-Smith 2001), whereas others have treated it as a subgenus of Argythamnia (J. W. Ingram 1980; R. McVaugh 1995). There are several morphological characters that distinguish these taxa and pollen morphology supports their generic recognition (W. Punt 1962). However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate that recognizing Ditaxis makes Argythamnia paraphyletic (Y. Ramírez-Amezcua 2011), so they are treated here as a single genus.</p><!--
--><p>Argythamnia heterantha (Zuccarini) Müller Arg., from Mexico, is cultivated; the seeds are used as a saffron substitute and represent a potential resource for dye, oil, and protein (M. D. Méndez-Robles et al. 2004).</p><!--
--><p>M. C. Johnston (1990) reported Argythamnia astroplethos J. W. Ingram from the Chinati Mountains, Presidio County, Texas, but no specimens were cited and none have been located. This species grows nearby in Chihuahua, Mexico, and may eventually be documented from Texas. It belongs to subgenus Chiropetalum (A. Jussieu) J. W. Ingram and can be distinguished from other Argythamnia species in the flora area by its indumentum of stellate hairs in addition to malpighiaceous hairs, tetramerous staminate flowers, and styles that are twice 2-fid.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=ingram1980a
|text=Ingram, J. W. 1980. The generic limits of Argythamnia (Euphorbiaceae) defined. Gentes Herbarum 11: 427–436.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ramirez-amezcua2011a
|text=Ramírez-Amezcua, Y. 2011. Relaciones Filogenéticas en Argythamnia (Euphorbiaceae) Sensu Lato. Tesis de Maestría. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glands present on margins of stipules, leaf blades, bracts, and pistillate sepals.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems and leaves with simple hairs; margins of stipules, leaf blades, bracts, and pistillate sepals with tack-shaped glands.
|[[Argythamnia adenophora|Argythamnia adenophora]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stems and leaves with simple and malpighiaceous hairs; margins of stipules, leaf blades, bracts, and pistillate sepals with conic glands.
|[[Argythamnia claryana|Argythamnia claryana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glands absent on margins of stipules, leaf blades, bracts, and pistillate sepals.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petioles usually absent, rarely to 4 mm on proximal leaves.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Pistillate petals 5, 2.8–3.5 mm, obovate to spatulate; stipules punctiform.
|[[Argythamnia cyanophylla|Argythamnia cyanophylla]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Pistillate petals 0 or 5, 0–1.7 mm, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, or punctiform; stipules elliptic, ovate, subulate, or linear-lanceolate.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Nectary glands of pistillate flowers linear, of staminate flowers linear to obovate.
|[[Argythamnia mercurialina|Argythamnia mercurialina]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Nectary glands of pistillate and staminate flowers ovate or oblong.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stamens 10; staminate petals cuneate-elliptic to cuneate-obovate; ovary tomentose to lanulose.
|[[Argythamnia aphoroides|Argythamnia aphoroides]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stamens 7–8; staminate petals elliptic; ovary strigose to hispidulous.
|[[Argythamnia simulans|Argythamnia simulans]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petioles present, 1–18 mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants dioecious.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Flowers usually releasing pink dye when wetted; styles pilose; staminate nectary glands 0.1–0.2 × 0.1 mm; stems and leaves densely hairy, hairs silvery.
|[[Argythamnia argyraea|Argythamnia argyraea]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Flowers without pink dye when wetted; styles glabrous; staminate nectary glands 0.3–1 × 0.2–0.4 mm; stems and leaves hairy or glabrous, hairs silvery or not.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Staminate petals free from androphore; pistillate petals elliptic to filiform, 0.3–1.7 × 0.3–0.4 mm.
|[[Argythamnia humilis|Argythamnia humilis]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Staminate petals adnate to androphore; pistillate petals elliptic, 1.8–3 × 0.7–1.4 mm.
|[[Argythamnia lanceolata|Argythamnia lanceolata]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Plants monoecious.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Staminate petals adnate to androphore.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Inflorescences 1.5–5.5 cm; staminate sepals 4–6 × 0.8–1 mm; staminate petals 5–7 × 1.2–2.5 mm; pistillate petals 5–6 × 1.5–1.6 mm; petioles 7–18 mm.
|[[Argythamnia brandegeei|Argythamnia brandegeei]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Inflorescences 0.4–1.3 cm; staminate sepals 2–3 × 0.5–0.8 mm; staminate petals 2.1–3.4 × 0.7–1.2 mm; pistillate petals 1.5–3 × 0.6–1.4 mm; petioles 1–5 mm.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stigmas terete or slightly flattened; pistillate petals 1.5–1.8 × 0.6–1 mm; Florida.
|[[Argythamnia argothamnoides|Argythamnia argothamnoides]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Stigmas flattened; pistillate petals 1.8–3 × 0.7–1.4 mm; Arizona, California.
|[[Argythamnia lanceolata|Argythamnia lanceolata]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Staminate petals free from androphore.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Stigmas terete; staminate sepals 0.9–2.5 mm.
|[[Argythamnia serrata|Argythamnia serrata]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Stigmas flattened; staminate sepals 2–5 mm.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Flowers usually releasing pink dye when wetted; staminate nectary glands ovate, 0.1–0.2 × 0.1 mm.
|[[Argythamnia argyraea|Argythamnia argyraea]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Flowers not releasing pink dye when wetted; staminate nectary glands ovate to linear, 0.4–0.8 × 0.2–0.3 mm.
|[[Argythamnia humilis|Argythamnia humilis]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Argythamnia
|author=Yocupitzia Ramírez-Amezcua
|authority=P. Browne
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Aphora;Ditaxis;Serophyton
|basionyms=
|family=Euphorbiaceae
|distribution=United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;tropical and subtropical regions
|reference=ingram1980a;ramirez-amezcua2011a
|publication title=Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica,
|publication year=1756
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_84.xml
|genus=Argythamnia
|blade shape=unlobed
|bract presence=absent
|branch quantity=6
|caruncle presence=absent
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate
|fruits capsule relief=not muricate
|gland position=subtending
|gland presence=absent
|hair architecture=unbranched;malpighiaceous
|hair presence=absent
|inflorescence position=axillary
|inflorescence reproduction=bisexual;unisexual
|laminar gland architecture=palmate
|laminar gland presence=absent
|latex presence=absent
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=persistent;deciduous
|margin architecture or shape=serrate-dentate;entire
|nectary atypical quantity=4;5
|nectary position=extrastaminal
|nectary quantity=5;5
|pedicel presence=absent
|petal atypical quantity=4;5
|petal coloration=pale-purple;pale yellow-green;white;pale-purple;pale yellow-green;white
|petal fusion=distinct;adnate;free;distinct
|petal presence=absent
|petal prominence=rudimentary
|petal quantity=5;5
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|pistil architecture=3(-4)-carpellate
|pistillode presence=absent
|secondary-vein arrangement=spaced
|secondary-vein course or shape=arcuate
|seed shape=globose;ovoid
|sepal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
|sepal atypical quantity=4;5
|sepal fusion=distinct;distinct
|sepal quantity=5;5
|stamen atypical quantity=#10;12
|stamen fusion=connate
|stamen quantity=#10
|staminode quantity=0;5
|stipule duration=deciduous;persistent
|stipule presence=absent
|style fusion=connate;distinct
|style quantity=3
|style shape=2-fid
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;subshrub;herb
|whole_organism reproduction=dioecious;monoecious
|whorl atypical quantity=1;2
|whorl quantity=2
}}<!--

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