View source for Bistorta

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Bistorta
|accepted_authority=(Linnaeus) Scopoli
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Meth. Pl.,
|place=24. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Bistort
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Bistorta
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=unranked
|publication_title=Sp. Pl.
|publication_place=1: 360. 1753
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae;Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae;Bistorta
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Bistorta]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin, bi -, twice, and tortus, twisted, alluding to the rhizomes of some species
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 479, 480, 574
|treatment_page=page 594
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root texture;root architecture">roots fibrous, rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, simple, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>mostly basal, some cauline, alternate, petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="ocreum duration;ocreum dehiscence;ocreum duration;ocreum pubescence or texture">ocrea persistent or disintegrating with age and deciduous entirely or distally, chartaceous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape">blade linear or lanceolate to elliptic, oblong-ovate, or ovate, margins entire or obscurely and irregularly repand.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, spikelike.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower quantity;base shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, 1–2 per ocreate fascicle, base not stipelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth size;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth shape;perianth pubescence">perianth nonaccrescent, white, greenish white, pink, or purplish-pink, rarely red, campanulate, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal length;tepal architecture;tepal architecture;tepal growth form;outer tepal size">tepals 5, connate proximally ca. 1/5 their length, petaloid, monomorphic or slightly dimorphic, outer larger than inner;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen development">stamens 5–8, sometimes poorly developed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="filament fusion;filament fusion;filament position;filament fusion;filament pubescence">filaments distinct or connate basally, outer ones sometimes adnate to perianth-tube, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther shape">anthers yellow, pink, red, purple, or blackish, ovate to elliptic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="style quantity;style orientation;style orientation;style fusion;style fusion">styles 3, erect or spreading, distinct or connate proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma architecture or shape">stigmas 2–3, capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="achene position;achene position;achene coloration;achene architecture;achene shape;achene pubescence"><b>Achenes </b>included or exserted, brown to dark-brown, unwinged, 3-gonous, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Seeds:</b> embryo curved.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="embryo course;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 11, 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Arctic and temperate North America;Europe;Asia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 50 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Bistorta often is included in Polygonum in the broad sense or in Persicaria. It is accepted here as a distinct genus based on habit, morphology, and anatomy (K. Haraldson 1978; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988). In the species of the flora area, the base of the petiole forms a long, tubular sheath distal to the node from which the leaf arises and proximal to the point of divergence of the petiole. Distal to the sheath is the ocrea, which usually is darker and thinner.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences narrowly elongate-cylindric, (15-)20-90 × 4-10 mm, usually bearing pyriform, pink to brown or purple bulblets proximally
|[[Bistorta vivipara|Bistorta vivipara]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences short-cylindric to ovoid, 10-70 × 8-25 mm, bulblets absent
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blade bases abruptly contracted, truncate to cuneate; petioles prominently winged distally; perianths pink
|[[Bistorta officinalis|Bistorta officinalis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blade bases usually tapered to rounded, rarely abruptly truncate or cuneate; petioles wingless or rarely winged distally; perianths white to pale pink, bright pink, or purplish pink
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianths bright pink or purplish pink; basal leaf blades with apices rounded to acute; plants (8-)10-40(-50) cm; n Canada, Alaska
|[[Bistorta plumosa|Bistorta plumosa]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Perianths white or pale pink; basal leaf blades with apices usually acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse; plants (10-)20-70(-75) cm; sw Canada, w United States
|[[Bistorta bistortoides|Bistorta bistortoides]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Bistorta
|author=Craig C. Freeman;Harold R. Hinds†
|authority=(Linnaeus) Scopoli
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Bistorta
|family=Polygonaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Arctic and temperate North America;Europe;Asia
|reference=None
|publication title=Meth. Pl.,
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_1209.xml
|subfamily=Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae
|genus=Bistorta
|achene architecture=unwinged
|achene coloration=brown;dark-brown
|achene position=exserted;included
|achene pubescence=glabrous
|achene shape=3-gonous
|anther coloration=blackish;purple;blackish;purple;red;pink;yellow
|anther shape=ovate;elliptic
|base shape=not stipelike
|blade shape=lanceolate;elliptic oblong-ovate or ovate
|embryo course=curved
|filament fusion=adnate;connate;distinct
|filament position=outer
|filament pubescence=glabrous
|flower quantity=1;2
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence shape=spikelike
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=basal
|margin architecture or shape=obscurely;entire
|margin shape=repand
|ocreum dehiscence=disintegrating
|ocreum duration=deciduous;persistent
|ocreum pubescence or texture=chartaceous
|outer tepal size=larger
|pedicel presence=absent
|perianth coloration=red;purplish-pink;pink;purplish-pink;pink;greenish white;white
|perianth pubescence=glabrous
|perianth shape=campanulate
|perianth size=nonaccrescent
|root architecture=rhizomatous
|root texture=fibrous
|stamen development=developed
|stamen quantity=5;8
|stem architecture=simple
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stigma architecture or shape=capitate
|stigma quantity=2;3
|style fusion=connate;distinct
|style orientation=spreading;erect
|style quantity=3
|tepal architecture=monomorphic;petaloid
|tepal fusion=connate
|tepal growth form=dimorphic
|tepal length=1/5
|tepal quantity=5
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=12;11
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]