View source for Bouteloua

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Bouteloua
|accepted_authority=Lag.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Bouteloua
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Bouteloua]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 25
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 250
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="">synoecious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism variability;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">habit various, cespitose, stoloniferous, or rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="culm some measurement"><b>Culms </b>1-80 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>usually mostly basal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="sheath architecture">sheaths open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule texture;ligule texture;ligule texture;ligule architecture or pubescence or shape">ligules of hairs, membranous, or membranous and ciliate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;branch quantity;branch architecture or arrangement or growth form;branch shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, panicles of 1-80 solitary, spikelike branches, exceeding the upper leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="branch atypical some measurement;branch some measurement;branch texture;branch arrangement;branch architecture;branch architecture;rachis shape;spikelet quantity;spikelet architecture;row quantity">branches 4-50 (75) mm, not woody, 1-sided, usually racemose on elongate rachises, sometimes digitate or subdigitate, with 1-130+ sessile to subsessile spikelets in 2 rows, axes terminating in a spikelet or extending beyond the base of the distal spikelet.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="spikelet arrangement;spikelet fixation or orientation;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;floret atypical quantity;floret quantity;spikelet reproduction"><b>Spikelets </b>closely imbricate, appressed to pectinate, laterally compressed or terete, with 1-2 (3) florets, lowest floret in each spikelet bisexual, distal florets staminate or sterile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="distal floret architecture;distal floret reproduction">disarticulation at the base of the branches or above the glumes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="glume size;glume size;glume quantity;glume quantity;glume architecture;glume shape;glume shape;glume architecture or shape"><b>Glumes </b>unequal or subequal, 1 or both glumes equaled or exceeded by the distal floret, 1-veined, acute or acuminate, sometimes shortly awned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lower glume height or length or size">lower glumes usually shorter than the lowest floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="floret lemma architecture or shape;floret lemma architecture or shape;floret lemma shape;floret lemma shape;floret lemma shape;floret lemma shape;floret lemma architecture;vein size;awn quantity;awn height or length or size">lemmas of lowest florets entire, bilobed, trilobed, or 4-lobed, 3-veined, veins usually extended into 3 short awns;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="floret palea architecture;vein architecture">paleas of lowest florets 2-veined, veins sometimes excurrent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="distal floret architecture;distal floret reproduction;distal floret variability;distal floret size;lowest floret size;awn development;scale shape;x chromosome quantity">distal floret (s) staminate or sterile, varying from similar to the lowest floret in shape, size, and venation to sterile and reduced to an awn column with well-developed awns or to a flabellate scale, x = 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;W.Va.;Mich.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Ont.;Sask.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Idaho;Oreg.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tex.;La.;Md.;Maine;Miss.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Mass.;Ala.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Minn.;N.Dak.;Ohio;S.Dak.;Utah;Mont.;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Kans.;Okla.;Ark.;Iowa;Nev.;Wash.;Mo.
|discussion=<p>Bouteloua, a genus of the Western Hemisphere with its center of diversity in Mexico, has about 40 species; all 19 species treated here are native to the Flora region. Several of its taxa are important forage grasses, and some are important constituents of the native North American grasslands. Two that are particularly important in North America are Bouteloua curtipendula and B. gracilis. These were major constituents of the shortgrass prairie that once covered the drier portions of the Great Plains. Both are excellent forage species. Irrigation has converted much of the area they once occupided to agricultural use, but large areas of Bouteloua grasslands remain.</p><!--
--><p>Based on molecular data and morphological similarities in the non-pistillate characters, Columbus (1999) recommended expanding Bouteloua to include Buchloë, Opizia, and Cathestecum, plus some other small genera not known from the Flora region. The traditional treatment is adopted here, pending corroboration from a wider range of data, both molecular and morphological.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=columbus1999a
|text=Columbus, J.T. 1999. An expanded circumscription of Bouteloua (Gramineae: Chlorideae): New combinations and names. Aliso 18:61-65
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=esparza1996a
|text=Esparza Sandoval, S. and Y. Herrera-Arrieta. 1996. Revision de Bouteloua barbata Lagasca (Poaceae: Eragrotideae). Phytologia 80:73-91
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gould1979a
|text=Gould, F.W. 1979. The genus Bouteloua (Poaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66:348-416
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=griffiths1912a
|text=Griffiths, D. 1912. The grama grasses: Bouteloua and related genera. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14:343-428
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=reeder1980a
|text=Reeder, J.R. and C.G. Reeder. 1980. Systematics of Bouteloua breviseta and B. ramosa (Gramineae). Syst. Bot. 5:312-321
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=reeder1990a
|text=Reeder, J.R. and C.G. Reeder. 1990. Bouteloua eludens: Elusive indeed, but not rare. Desert PI. 10:19-22, 31-32
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wipff1996b
|text=Wipff, J.K. and S.D. Jones. 1996. A new combination in Bouteloua (Poaceae). Sida 17:111-114.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Panicle branches deciduous, disarticulation occurring at their bases; spikelets usually 1-15 per branch, usually appressed rather than pectinate (subg. Bouteloua).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|All or most panicle branches with 1 spikelet
|[[Bouteloua uniflora|Bouteloua uniflora]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|All or most panicle branches with 2-15 spikelets.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|First (proximal) spikelet on each branch with 1 floret, the remaining spikelets with 2 florets; plants annual; panicles with 1-15 branches
|[[Bouteloua aristidoides|Bouteloua aristidoides]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Spikelets all alike or with 2 or more florets; plants annual or perennial; panicles with 1-80 branches.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Central awns of lemmas flanked by 2 membranous lobes at maturity, the lobes 0.5-1.5 mm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Upper glumes bilobed, awned, the awns arising from between the teeth; inflorescence branch axes with deeply bi- or trifurcate apices; second florets sterile, rudimentary
|[[Bouteloua rigidiseta|Bouteloua rigidiseta]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Upper glumes acute, unawned or awn-tipped; inflorescence branch axes with apices entire; second florets usually staminate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Base of plants dense, hard and knotty; culms straight, unbranched; panicle branches (15)20-30 mm long; plants rhizomatous
|[[Bouteloua radicosa|Bouteloua radicosa]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Base of plants usually not dense, hard, or knotty; culms straight or geniculate, branching; panicle branches 10-20 mm long; plants not rhizomatous
|[[Bouteloua repens|Bouteloua repens]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Central awns of lemmas, if present, not flanked by membranous lobes or the lobes less than 0.3 mm long.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Upper glumes with hairs, at least over the midveins.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes with hairs only over the veins
|[[Bouteloua repens|Bouteloua repens]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Upper glumes with hairs over the veins and elsewhere.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles 6-10 cm long; branches with 2-6 spikelets
|[[Bouteloua eludens|Bouteloua eludens]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles 2.5-6 cm long; branches with 8-12 spikelets
|[[Bouteloua chondrosoides|Bouteloua chondrosoides]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Upper glumes glabrous, sometimes scabrous.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Second florets sterile, usually rudimentary, usually without paleas; central awns rarely to 7 mm long; panicles with 9-80 branches.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|At least some leaf blades more than 2.5 mm wide, flat or folded when dry; ligules 0.3-0.5 mm long; anthers yellow, orange, red, or purple
|[[Bouteloua curtipendula|Bouteloua curtipendula]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Leaf blades 1-1.5(2.5) mm wide, involute when dry; ligules 1-1.5 mm long; anthers dark purple
|[[Bouteloua warnockii|Bouteloua warnockii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Second florets bisexual, pistillate or staminate, with well-developed paleas; central awns 4-10 mm long; panicles with 2-17 branches.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Base of plants dense, hard and knotty; culms straight, unbranched; panicle branches (15)20-30 mm long; plants rhizomatous
|[[Bouteloua radicosa|Bouteloua radicosa]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Base of plants usually not dense, hard, or knotty; culms straight or geniculate, branching; panicle branches 10-20 mm long; plants not rhizomatous
|[[Bouteloua repens|Bouteloua repens]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Panicle branches persistent; disarticulation above the glumes; spikelets 6-130 or more per branch, pectinate (subg. Chondrosum).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Upper glumes of at least some spikelets with papillose-based hairs.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Panicle branches extending beyond the base of the terminal spikelets
|[[Bouteloua hirsuta|Bouteloua hirsuta]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Panicle branches terminating in a spikelet.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Plants tufted annuals or short-lived stoloniferous perennials; panicle branches 4-8, the axes with papillose-based hairs; lowest lemmas 3-4 mm long
|[[Bouteloua parryi|Bouteloua parryi]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Plants perennial, often shortly rhizomatous; panicle branches 1-3(6), the axes scabrous, never with papillose-based hairs; lowest lemmas 3.5-6 mm long
|[[Bouteloua gracilis|Bouteloua gracilis]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Upper glumes glabrous, scabrous, or hairy, but the hairs not papillose-based.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower cauline internodes woolly-pubescent
|[[Bouteloua eriopoda|Bouteloua eriopoda]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lower cauline internodes glabrous or mostly so, sometimes pubescent immediately below the nodes.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Central awns of lemmas not flanked by membranous lobes
|[[Bouteloua trifida|Bouteloua trifida]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Central awns of lemmas flanked by 2 membranous lobes.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Lowest paleas in the spikelets awned, awns 1-2 mm long; panicles with 2-20 branches.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lowest lemmas glabrous, with awns 3-4 mm long; panicle branches with 6-20 spikelets; plants perennial
|[[Bouteloua kayi|Bouteloua kayi]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lowest lemmas densely pilose, with awns 0.5-3 mm long; panicle branches with 20-50 spikelets; plants annual or short-lived perennials
|[[Bouteloua barbata|Bouteloua barbata]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Lowest paleas in the spikelets unawned, but the veins sometimes excurrent for less than 1 mm; panicles with 1-6 branches.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Plants annual
|[[Bouteloua simplex|Bouteloua simplex]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Culms usually with 2-3 nodes, not woody at the base; caryopses 2.5-3 mm long; lower paleas shallowly bilobed, the veins sometimes excurrent
|[[Bouteloua gracilis|Bouteloua gracilis]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Culms usually with 4-5 nodes, somewhat woody at the base; caryopses 1-1.2 mm long; lower paleas acute to acuminate, the veins not excurrent.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Lower culm internodes with a thick, white, chalky bloom distally; panicle branches stramineous, mostly appressed, usually straight to slightly arcuate; plants rhizomatous, growing on gypsum soils
|[[Bouteloua breviseta|Bouteloua breviseta]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Lower culm internodes without a conspicuous bloom; panicle branches dark, mostly ascending to widely divergent, usually becoming arcuate; plants not rhizomatous, growing on limestone soils
|[[Bouteloua ramosa|Bouteloua ramosa]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Bouteloua
|author=J.K. Wipff;
|authority=Lag.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;W.Va.;Mich.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;Ont.;Sask.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Idaho;Oreg.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tex.;La.;Md.;Maine;Miss.;S.C.;N.C.;Nebr.;Tenn.;Pa.;Mass.;Ala.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Ky.;Minn.;N.Dak.;Ohio;S.Dak.;Utah;Mont.;Va.;Colo.;Calif.;Puerto Rico;Virgin Islands;Kans.;Okla.;Ark.;Iowa;Nev.;Wash.;Mo.
|reference=columbus1999a;esparza1996a;gould1979a;griffiths1912a;reeder1980a;reeder1990a;wipff1996b
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_866.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae
|genus=Bouteloua
|awn development=well-developed
|awn height or length or size=short
|awn quantity=3
|branch architecture=subdigitate;digitate
|branch architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|branch arrangement=racemose
|branch atypical some measurement=75
|branch quantity=1;80
|branch shape=spikelike
|branch some measurement=4mm;50mm
|branch texture=not woody
|culm some measurement=1cm;80cm
|distal floret architecture=staminate;staminate
|distal floret reproduction=sterile;sterile
|distal floret size=reduced
|distal floret variability=varying
|floret atypical quantity=3
|floret lemma architecture=3-veined
|floret lemma architecture or shape=bilobed;entire
|floret lemma shape=4-lobed;trilobed;4-lobed;trilobed
|floret palea architecture=2-veined
|floret quantity=1;2
|glume architecture=1-veined
|glume architecture or shape=awned
|glume quantity=both;1
|glume shape=acuminate;acute
|glume size=subequal;unequal
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf position=basal
|ligule architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|ligule texture=membranous;membranous;membranous;membranous
|lower glume height or length or size=usually shorter
|lowest floret size=sterile
|rachis shape=elongate
|row quantity=2
|scale shape=flabellate
|sheath architecture=open
|spikelet architecture=sessile;subsessile
|spikelet arrangement=imbricate
|spikelet fixation or orientation=appressed
|spikelet quantity=1;130
|spikelet reproduction=bisexual
|spikelet shape=terete;compressed;pectinate
|vein architecture=excurrent
|vein size=extended
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous;stoloniferous;rhizomatous;stoloniferous
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|whole_organism reproduction=synoecious
|whole_organism variability=various
|x chromosome quantity=10
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]