View source for Brassica

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Brassica
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 666. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 299. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Cabbage;cole;mustard;turnip
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Brassicaceae;Brassicaceae tribe Brassiceae;Brassica
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Brassicaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Brassicaceae tribe Brassiceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Brassica]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin name for cabbage
|volume=Volume 7
|mention_page=page 226, 230, 231, 233, 244, 420, 436, 442, 443
|treatment_page=page 419
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole-organism duration"><b>Annuals,</b> biennials, or, rarely, perennials;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="">not scapose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="whole-organism architecture;whole-organism pubescence;whole-organism pubescence;whole-organism pubescence;whole-organism pubescence;whole-organism pubescence;whole-organism duration">glabrous, glabrescent, or pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, unbranched or branched distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="basal leaf arrangement;basal leaf arrangement;basal leaf architecture;blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture or shape">basal (persistent in B. tournefortii), rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins entire, dentate, or lyrate-pinnatifid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="cauline leaf architecture;cauline leaf architecture;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape">cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base sometimes auriculate or amplexicaul), margins entire, dentate, lobed, or sinuate-serrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties=""><b>Racemes </b>(corymbose), considerably elongated in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="raceme length;raceme orientation;raceme orientation;raceme orientation;raceme orientation;raceme size"><b>Fruiting </b>pedicels erect, spreading, ascending or divaricately-ascending, often slender.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal orientation;sepal orientation;sepal orientation;sepal shape;sepal position;sepal architecture or shape"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading, oblong [ovate], lateral pair usually saccate basally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal coloration;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;claw variability">petals yellow to orange-yellow [rarely white], obovate, ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, claw often differentiated from blade, (sometimes attenuate basally, apex rounded or emarginate);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen architecture">stamens tetradynamous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament size">filaments slender;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther shape;anther shape">anthers oblong or ovate, (apex obtuse);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="nectar gland arrangement;nectar gland arrangement;median gland presence">nectar glands confluent or not, median glands present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruits silique dehiscence;fruits silique architecture;fruits silique architecture"><b>Fruits </b>siliques, dehiscent, sessile or stipitate, segments 2, linear, torulose or smooth, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="segment quantity;segment arrangement or course or shape;segment shape;segment architecture or pubescence or relief;segment shape;segment shape;segment architecture">(terminal segment seedless or 1–3-seeded, usually filiform or conic, rarely cylindrical);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="valve architecture;valve pubescence">valves each prominently 1-veined, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="replum shape">replum rounded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="septum architecture">septum complete;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="ovule atypical quantity;ovule quantity">ovules [4–] 10–50 per ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="stigma shape;stigma shape">stigma entire or 2-lobed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed architecture or arrangement;seed size;seed architecture;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>uniseriate, plump, not winged, globose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="seed-coat coating;seed-coat coating">seed-coat (reticulate or reticulate-alveolate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="">cotyledons conduplicate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="cotyledon arrangement or vernation;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=sw Europe;sw Asia;e;nw Africa;also in Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species 35 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Crops of Brassica are the most important economic plants of the family. Probably, the earliest known utilization of mustards dates from Sanskrit records in India to 3000 b.c., but there is archaeological evidence suggesting that cultivation of cabbage in coastal northern Europe was occurring nearly 8000 years ago. Brassica crops include oilseeds, food crops (e.g., B. juncea, Asian vegetables; B. oleracea, cole crops; B. rapa, Chinese cabbages), fodder for animals, and condiments (B. juncea or B. nigra). The latter two species have also been used for medicinal purposes (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985). In addition to being noxious weeds, some species of Brassica are harmful or poisonous to humans and livestock (Al-Shehbaz).</p><!--
--><p>Historically, native peoples of North America have used a number of “wild” Brassica species for both food and medicinal purposes (T. Arnason et al. 1981; H. A. Jacobson et al. 1988): Brassica species—young shoots cooked as greens by Iroquois and Malecite Indian tribes; B. nigra—seeds ground and used as snuff to cure head colds by the Meskwaki, and leaves used to relieve toothaches and headaches by the Mohegans; B. napus—bark used to treat colds, cough, grippe, and smallpox by the Micmac, and used for chilblains by the Rappahannock; B. oleracea—used for headaches by the Rappahannock; and B. rapa—used as medicine by the Bois Fort Chippewa.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=campo1999a
|text=Campo, C. 1999. Taxonomy. In: C. Gómez-Campo, ed. 1999b. Biology of Brassica Coenospecies. Amsterdam. Pp. 3–32.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=diederichsen2001a
|text=Diederichsen, A. 2001. Brassica. In: P. Hanelt, ed. 2001. Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops…. 6 vols. Berlin and New York. Vol. 3, pp. 1435–1465.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=prakash1980a
|text=Prakash, S. and K. Hinata. 1980. Taxonomy, cytogenetics and origin of crop brassicas, a review. Opera Bot. 55: 1–57.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=snogerup1990a
|text=Snogerup, S., M. Gustafsson, and R. von Bothmer. 1990. Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae). 1. Taxonomy and variation. Willdenowia 19: 271–365.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Cauline leaves sessile, blade bases auriculate and/or amplexicaul
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, blade bases tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Biennials or perennials; petals (15-)18-25(-30) mm; terminal segments of fruits (3-)4-11 mm.
|[[Brassica oleracea|Brassica oleracea]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Annuals or biennials; petals 6-16 mm; terminal segments of fruits (5-)8-22 mm
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers usually not overtopping buds, rarely at same level, when open; petals pale yellow, 10-16 mm; terminal segments of fruits (5-)9-16 mm.
|[[Brassica napus|Brassica napus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers overtopping or equaling buds when open; petals deep yellow, 6-11(-13) mm; terminal segments of fruits 8-22 mm.
|[[Brassica rapa|Brassica rapa]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruits and pedicels erect, ± appressed to rachises; fruits 10-25(-27) mm, not torulose; fruiting pedicels (2-)3-5(-6) mm.
|[[Brassica nigra|Brassica nigra]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Fruits and pedicels spreading to ascending, not appressed to rachises; fruits often 2 cm+, torulose; fruiting pedicels (6-)8-20 mm
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Fruits stipitate, gynophores 1.5-4(-5) mm, terminal segments 0.5-2.5(-3) mm; basal leaf blade margins entire or dentate.
|[[Brassica elongata|Brassica elongata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Fruits sessile or stipitate, gynophores to 1 mm, terminal segments (4-)5-20 mm; basal leaf blade margins lyrate to pinnatisect, or pinnatifid to pinnately lobed
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Basal leaves persistent, blades with 4-10 lobes each side, surfaces hirsute; petals 4-7 × 1.5-2(-2.5) mm.
|[[Brassica tournefortii|Brassica tournefortii]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Basal leaves deciduous, blades with 1-3 (or 4) lobes each side, surfaces glabrous or nearly so; petals (7-)9-13 × 3-7.5 mm
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Fruits stipitate (gynophore 1-1.5 mm), 1.5-3 cm × 1.5-2 mm, terminal segment 3-6 mm.
|[[Brassica fruticulosa|Brassica fruticulosa]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Fruits sessile, (2-)3-5(-6) cm × 2-5 mm, terminal segment (4-)5-10 (-15) mm.
|[[Brassica juncea|Brassica juncea]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Brassica
|author=Suzanne I. Warwick
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Brassicaceae
|distribution=sw Europe;sw Asia;e;nw Africa;also in Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|reference=campo1999a;diederichsen2001a;prakash1980a;snogerup1990a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V7/V7_618.xml
|tribe=Brassicaceae tribe Brassiceae
|genus=Brassica
|anther shape=ovate;oblong
|basal leaf architecture=petiolate
|basal leaf arrangement=not;rosulate
|blade margin architecture or shape=lyrate-pinnatifid;dentate;entire
|cauline leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|claw variability=differentiated
|cotyledon arrangement or vernation=conduplicate
|filament size=slender
|fruits silique architecture=stipitate;sessile
|fruits silique dehiscence=dehiscent
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin shape=sinuate-serrate;lobed;sinuate-serrate;lobed;dentate
|median gland presence=absent
|nectar gland arrangement=not;confluent
|ovule atypical quantity=4;10
|ovule quantity=10;50
|petal coloration=yellow;orange-yellow
|petal shape=oblanceolate;elliptic;oblanceolate;elliptic;ovate;obovate
|raceme length=elongated
|raceme orientation=divaricately-ascending;ascending;spreading;erect
|raceme size=slender
|replum shape=rounded
|seed architecture=not winged
|seed architecture or arrangement=uniseriate
|seed shape=globose
|seed size=plump
|seed-coat coating=not;mucilaginous
|segment architecture=latiseptate
|segment architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|segment arrangement or course or shape=linear
|segment quantity=2
|segment shape=4-angled;terete;torulose
|sepal architecture or shape=saccate
|sepal orientation=spreading;ascending;erect
|sepal position=lateral
|sepal shape=oblong
|septum architecture=complete
|stamen architecture=tetradynamous
|stem architecture=branched;unbranched
|stem orientation=erect
|stigma shape=2-lobed;entire
|valve architecture=1-veined
|valve pubescence=glabrous
|whole-organism architecture=not scapose
|whole-organism duration=perennial;biennial;annual
|whole-organism pubescence=pubescent;glabrescent;pubescent;glabrescent;glabrous
|x chromosome quantity=11;10;9;8;7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Brassicaceae tribe Brassiceae]]