View source for Brodiaea

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Brodiaea
|accepted_authority=Smith
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Trans. Linn. Soc. London
|place=10: 2. 1811
|year=1811
}}
|common_names=Cluster-lily
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Hookera
|authority=Salisbury
|rank=genus
|publication_title=
|publication_place=[1 March] 1808
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Brodiaea
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Brodiaea]]</div></div>
|etymology=for James Brodie, 1744–1824, Scottish cryptogamic botanist
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 20, 53, 55, 326, 328, 331, 332, 336, 3
|treatment_page=page 321
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form;corm coating"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf quantity"><b>Leaves </b>1–6, basal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="blade arrangement or course or shape;blade shape">blade linear, crescent-shaped in cross-section.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="scape architecture or arrangement or growth form;scape shape;scape size;scape fragility or size;scape texture"><b>Scape </b>solitary, cylindrical, usually slender, occasionally stout, rigid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>umbellate, open, bracteate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="bract texture">bracts scarious, not enclosing flower buds.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="perianth architecture;perianth fusion;perianth reflectance;abaxial perianth coloration;tube shape;tube shape;outer perianth quantity;lobe width;inner perianth quantity"><b>Flowers:</b> perianth 6-tepaled, distinctly connate proximally into tube, shiny, abaxial perianth usually bluish purple, tube narrowly campanulate or funnelform, outer 3 lobes narrower than inner 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen position;perianth lobe arrangement;perianth lobe arrangement;staminodium quantity">stamens 3, epitepalous, opposite inner perianth lobes, alternating with 3 staminodia (staminodia absent in B. orcuttii) opposite outer perianth lobes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="filament fusion;filament arrangement or course or shape;base shape;form shape;flap shape">filaments adnate to perianth-tube, linear, base sometimes dilated to form triangular flap, or sometimes with abaxial wings or appendages;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="anther fixation;anther fixation or orientation">anthers basifixed, appressed to style;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil 3-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ovary position;ovary coloration;ovary architecture;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovule quantity">ovary superior, green (purple in B. jolonensis), sessile, 3-locular, ovules several;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="style orientation">style erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stigma shape;lobe orientation;lobe orientation">stigma 3-lobed, lobes distinctly spreading and recurved;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="pedicel orientation;pedicel architecture">pedicel erect, articulate at base.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit shape;fruit dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, ovoid, dehiscence loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed coloration;seed shape;surface striation dehiscence or orientation"><b>Seeds </b>black, rounded to flattened, coat with crust with longitudinal surface striations.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, or 24.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America including Mexico (Baja California)
|discussion=<p>Species 14 (14 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Two schools of thought have existed regarding generic limits within the complex of species recognized under Brodiaea, Triteleia, and Dichelostemma: a single large genus (Brodiaea s.l.) with three subgenera (S. Watson 1879; W. L. Jepson 1923–1925; P. A. Munz 1959), or three separate genera (E. L. Greene 1886; R. F. Hoover 1939; G. Keator 1967, 1989, 1993; T. F. Niehaus 1971, 1980). Recent molecular, anatomical, and developmental evidence supports neither of these views. Bloomeria is related to Triteleia, and Brodiaea is closely related to Dichelostemma, with the only hexandrous species, D. capitatum, being sister to the rest of the three-staminate Brodiaea/Dichelostemma clade (R. Y. Berg 1978, 1996; J. C. Pires 2000). This recent evidence also suggests that the sections presently established within Brodiaea are in need of revision; thus a sectional classification is not utilized in this treatment (R. F. Hoover 1939b; T. F. Niehaus 1971; J. C. Pires 2000).</p><!--
--><p>Polyploidy and ecological specialization to serpentine and other unique substrates is common in Brodiaea, resulting in several rare and endangered species. Eleven of the fourteen species are restricted to California, where the flowering date is highly dependent on the amount of moisture in the early spring. Several species are exceedingly variable. Corms of some species were eaten by native Americans.</p><!--
--><p>Among the most important diagnostic characters within Brodiaea are features of the androecium, particularly the size and shape of the staminodia and apical filament appendages. These characters are easily seen with a hand lens in the field. When collecting flowering specimens, one should make a point of mounting a few dissected flowers in a manner that displays these critical characters.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Staminode apex subulate or cuspidate, or staminodia absent.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Staminode apex rounded or notched (2-lobed in B. insignis).
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Staminodia absent.
|[[Brodiaea orcuttii|Brodiaea orcuttii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Staminodia present.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Staminode apex subulate; perianth tube splitting in fruit.
|[[Brodiaea filifolia|Brodiaea filifolia]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Staminode apex cuspidate; perianth tube not splitting in fruit.
|[[Brodiaea kinkiensis|Brodiaea kinkiensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Flowers 24–38 mm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Flowers 14–24(–33) mm.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Staminodia narrowly linear, margins 1/4–1/2 involute; perianth tube splitting in fruit.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Staminodia broad, margins mostly involute or planate; perianth tube not splitting in fruit.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Filaments with 2 threadlike appendages at base; perianth lobes usually less than twice length of perianth tube; anthers obcordate, 3–6 mm.
|[[Brodiaea appendiculata|Brodiaea appendiculata]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Filaments without appendages at base, or appendages rudimentary; perianth lobes usually more than twice length of perianth tube; anthers linear, 9–12 mm.
|[[Brodiaea californica|Brodiaea californica]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Perianth tube ovoid to narrowly campanulate; staminodia curving inward toward stamens overall but curving outward at apex, margins 3/4 involute.
|[[Brodiaea coronaria|Brodiaea coronaria]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Perianth tube funnelform; staminodia erect or recurved distally, distant from stamens, margins planate or 1/4 involute.
|[[Brodiaea elegans|Brodiaea elegans]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Staminodia leaning inward, margins 1/4 involute, apex broad, hooded; perianth tube cylindrical or campanulate.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Staminodia erect, margins 1/2–3/4 involute (1/4 involute in B. stellaris), apex notched (2-lobed in B. insignis); perianth tube usually urceolate, sometimes campanulate or narrowly cylindrical.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Scape 0.5–20 cm; ovary green.
|[[Brodiaea terrestris|Brodiaea terrestris]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Scape 6–15 cm; ovary light purple.
|[[Brodiaea jolonensis|Brodiaea jolonensis]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments with 2 conspicuous, broad, white, abaxial appendages appearing as wings behind anthers.
|[[Brodiaea stellaris|Brodiaea stellaris]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Filaments lacking broad white appendages, or appendages narrow and inconspicuous.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Perianth tube not constricted above ovary; staminodia margins 3/4 involute.
|[[Brodiaea insignis|Brodiaea insignis]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Perianth tube slightly to strongly constricted above ovary, staminodia margins 1/2–3/4 involute.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Anthers obcordate.
|[[Brodiaea pallida|Brodiaea pallida]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Anthers linear.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Scape 2–10 cm; inner perianth lobes 5–7 mm wide; style 5–6 mm.
|[[Brodiaea minor|Brodiaea minor]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Scape 10–25 cm; inner perianth lobes 4–5 mm wide; style 7–9 mm.
|[[Brodiaea purdyi|Brodiaea purdyi]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Brodiaea
|author=J. Chris Pires
|authority=Smith
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Hookera
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=w North America including Mexico (Baja California)
|reference=None
|publication title=Trans. Linn. Soc. London
|publication year=1811
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_641.xml
|genus=Brodiaea
|abaxial perianth coloration=bluish purple
|anther fixation=basifixed
|anther fixation or orientation=appressed
|base shape=dilated
|blade arrangement or course or shape=linear
|blade shape=crescent--shaped
|bract texture=scarious
|corm coating=fibrous-coated
|filament arrangement or course or shape=linear
|filament fusion=adnate
|flap shape=triangular
|form shape=triangular
|fruit architecture=capsular
|fruit dehiscence=loculicidal
|fruit shape=ovoid
|inflorescence architecture=bracteate;open;umbellate
|inner perianth quantity=3
|leaf quantity=1;6
|lobe orientation=recurved;spreading
|lobe width=narrower
|outer perianth quantity=3
|ovary architecture=sessile
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=3-locular
|ovary coloration=green
|ovary position=superior
|ovule quantity=several
|pedicel architecture=articulate
|pedicel orientation=erect
|perianth architecture=6-tepaled
|perianth fusion=connate
|perianth lobe arrangement=alternating;opposite
|perianth reflectance=shiny
|pistil architecture=3-carpellate
|scape architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|scape fragility or size=stout
|scape shape=cylindrical
|scape size=slender
|scape texture=rigid
|seed coloration=black
|seed shape=rounded;flattened
|stamen position=epitepalous
|stamen quantity=3
|staminodium quantity=3
|stigma shape=3-lobed
|style orientation=erect
|surface striation dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|tube shape=funnel;campanulate
|whole_organism architecture=scapose
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=24;20;18;16;12;8;6
}}<!--

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