View source for Cannaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cannaceae
|accepted_authority=A. L. Jussieu
|publications=
|common_names=Canna Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Cannaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cannaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 22
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 310
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--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, from rhizomes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem location;stem presence;stem architecture"><b>Aerial </b>stems present, unbranched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf variability"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, 2-ranked, differentiated into basal sheath, petiole, and blade;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath arrangement;sheath architecture;ligule presence">sheaths overlapping, supporting stem, open, ligule absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole summit variability">summit of petiole not differentiated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade orientation;lateral-vein arrangement;midrib prominence">blade with lateral-veins parallel, diverging from prominent midrib.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence quantity;inflorescence position or structure subtype;shoot location;shoot architecture;raceme architecture;panicle architecture;cyme architecture;cyme arrangement"><b>Inflorescences </b>1 per aerial shoot, terminal on leafy shoot, pedunculate racemes or panicles of flowers or of 2-flowered monochasial cymes (cincinni);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="">bracts of main axis subtending flowers or cincinni.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, asymmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal variability;petal variability;sepal quantity;sepal fusion;petal quantity;petal fusion">sepals and petals differentiated, sepals 3, distinct, petals 3, connate at base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="stamen reproduction;stamen quantity;stamen shape;anther position;anther architecture or structure in adjective form">fertile stamens 1, petallike, anther marginal, 1-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="staminode atypical quantity;staminode quantity;staminode shape;staminode prominence;staminode size;anterior staminode width">staminodes (1–) 3–4, petallike, showy, unequal, anterior staminode (labellum) often broader than posterior staminodes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary inferior, 3-carpellate, 3-locular, all locules fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="locule reproduction;locule placentation">placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules few to numerous per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="">style standing away from stamens and staminode, petallike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style shape;style structure in adjective form;marginal callosity shape">stigmatic area shaped as marginal callosity;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="style fusion;stamen fusion;staminode fusion">style, stamen, and staminodes basally connate into tube.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>capsules;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="sepal duration">sepals persistent in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="aril presence"><b>Seeds:</b> aril absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="endosperm quantity">endosperm scanty;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="perisperm quantity">perisperm copious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="">embryo straight.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="embryo course;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical;primarily the Americas
|discussion=<p>The flowers of Cannaceae are showy and brightly colored with foliaceous or petal-like sepals and have a conspicuously warty or spiny-fimbriate ovary. The fruits are large, broadly ellipsoid, loculicidal, and warty or spiny-fimbriate. The seeds are very hard with an ovoid to globose shape.</p><!--
--><p>Cannaceae are most closely related to the Marantaceae, the prayer-plants, with which they share several unusual reproductive features, such as asymmetric flowers, a reduction in the number of pollen-bearing stamens to a single bisporangiate anther, and secondary pollen presentation (P. F. Yeo 1993). The pollen grains are large and spheroid, and, like those of most members of the order Zingiberales, have a much reduced exine and a much expanded intine layer.</p><!--
--><p>Cannaceae are known from several dubious fossils of vegetative organs dating to the late Cretaceous. The seeds are exceptionally hard and durable: a seed reported to be 600 years old and preserved in a South American archeological tomb germinated and flowered (J. C. Lerman and E. M. Cigliano 1971); yet, no fossilized seeds have been discovered.</p><!--
--><p>Cannaceae are native to the American tropics and subtropics, occurring from sea level to mountainous slopes below 3000 m. One species (Canna indica) has become naturalized throughout the Asian and African tropics and subtropics, and several species and hybrids are commonly cultivated in the gardens of Europe, North America, and tropical zones. Cannas are found scattered in transitional habitats, both natural and artificial. In the wild, they grow along the edges of marshes and forest margins, often in water to 10 cm deep. They also thrive in roadside ditches and refuse sites, given adequate moisture.</p><!--
--><p>Genus Genera 1, species 10 (3 species in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=grootjen1988a
|text=Grootjen, C. J. and F. Bouman. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae: Taxonomic and ecological implications. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) n. s. 61: 363--371.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kress1982a
|text=Kress, W. J. and D. E. Stone. 1982. Nature of the sporoderm in monocotyledons, with special reference to the pollen grains of Canna and Heliconia. Grana 21: 129--148.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=kress1990a
|text=Kress, W. J. 1990. The phylogeny and classification of the Zingiberales. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 698--721.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=lerman1971a
|text=Lerman, J. C. and E. M. Cigliano. 1971. New carbon-14 evidence for six hundred years old Canna compacta seed. Nature 232: 568--570.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=maas1985a
|text=Maas, P. J. M. 1985. 195. Cannaceae. In: A. R. A. Görts-van Rijn, ed. 1985+. Flora of the Guianas. Series A: Phanerogams. 1212+ volsfasc. Königstein. VolFasc. 1, pp. xx--xx69--73.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=maas1988a
|text=Maas, P. J. M. and H. Maas. 1988. 223. Cannaceae. In: G. Harling et al., eds. 1973+. Flora of Ecuador. 5660+ volsnos. Göteborg. VolNo. 32, pp. 1--9.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1984a
|text=Rogers, G. K. 1984. The Zingiberales (Cannaceae, Marantaceae, and Zingiberaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 5--55.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=woodson1945a
|text=Woodson, R. E. Jr. and R. W. Schery. 1945. Cannaceae. In: R. E. Woodson Jr. et al., eds. 1943--1981. Flora of Panama. 41 fasc. St. Louis. [Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: 74--80.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=yeo1993a
|text=Yeo, P. F. 1993. Secondary pollen presentation: Form, function and evolution. Pl. Syst. Evol., Suppl. 6: 204--208.
}}
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cannaceae
|author=W. John Kress;Linda M. Prince
|authority=A. L. Jussieu
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Cannaceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical;primarily the Americas
|reference=grootjen1988a;kress1982a;kress1990a;lerman1971a;maas1985a;maas1988a;rogers1984a;woodson1945a;yeo1993a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/62857cf6bca5c4637d27b113da92d27dbf9962f4/V22/V22_619.xml
|anterior staminode width=often broader
|anther architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|anther position=marginal
|aril presence=absent
|blade orientation=diverging
|cyme architecture=2-flowered
|cyme arrangement=monochasial
|embryo course=straight
|endosperm quantity=scanty
|flower architecture or shape=asymmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence quantity=1
|lateral-vein arrangement=parallel
|leaf arrangement=2-ranked
|leaf position=cauline
|leaf variability=differentiated
|ligule presence=absent
|locule placentation=axile
|locule reproduction=fertile
|marginal callosity shape=area--shaped
|midrib prominence=prominent
|ovary architecture=3-carpellate
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=3-locular
|ovary position=inferior
|ovule quantity=few;numerous
|panicle architecture=pedunculate
|perisperm quantity=copious
|petal fusion=connate
|petal quantity=3
|petal variability=differentiated
|petiole summit variability=not differentiated
|raceme architecture=pedunculate
|sepal duration=persistent
|sepal fusion=distinct
|sepal quantity=3
|sepal variability=differentiated
|sheath architecture=open
|sheath arrangement=overlapping
|shoot architecture=leafy
|shoot location=aerial
|stamen fusion=connate
|stamen quantity=1
|stamen reproduction=fertile
|stamen shape=petal-like
|staminode atypical quantity=1;3
|staminode fusion=connate
|staminode prominence=showy
|staminode quantity=3;4
|staminode shape=petal-like
|staminode size=unequal
|stem architecture=unbranched
|stem location=aerial
|stem presence=absent
|style fusion=connate
|style shape=petal-like
|style structure in adjective form=stigmatic
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

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