View source for Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus
|accepted_authority=
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cardueae;Carduus;Carduus pycnocephalus;Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cardueae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Carduus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Carduus pycnocephalus]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subspecies</small>[[Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 94
|treatment_page=page 93
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Annuals,</b> 20–200 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem architecture;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;hair width;hair architecture;hair shape;hair architecture"><b>Stems </b>simple to openly branched, loosely tomentose with fine single-celled hairs and villous with curled, septate hairs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="wing tooth some measurement">teeth of wings to 10 mm, wing spines to 20 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="basal leaf shape;petiole architecture;blade some measurement;margin shape;abaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence"><b>Leaves:</b> basal tapering to winged petioles, blades 10–25 cm, margins pinnately 2–5-lobed, abaxial faces ± tomentose, adaxial faces tomentose and pilose, ± glabrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="cauline leaf architecture;cauline leaf height or length or size;margin shape;margin size">cauline sessile, shorter, margins less divided, distally reduced to bracts.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="head arrangement;head arrangement;head quantity;head architecture;head architecture;head some measurement"><b>Heads </b>borne singly or clustered in ± tight groups of 2–5 at ends of branches and sometimes in upper axils, sessile or short-pedunculate, 20–25 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="peduncle architecture;peduncle architecture;peduncle some measurement;peduncle pubescence"><b>Peduncles </b>winged throughout or distally unwinged, 0–2 cm, tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width"><b>Involucres </b>cylindric to ellipsoid (appearing campanulate when pressed), 17–22 mm × 7–15 mm (diam.).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllary shape;phyllary orientation;base fixation or orientation;base pubescence;base width;appendage arrangement or course or shape;appendage width;appendage architecture;appendage pubescence or relief;spine tip some measurement;inner phyllary course;inner phyllary orientation;tip architecture;tip architecture"><b>Phyllaries </b>linear-lanceolate, with appressed, loosely tomentose bases 2–3 mm wide and ascending, linear appendages 0.5–1.5 mm wide, not scarious-margined, distally scabrous on midribs and margins, spine tips 1–3 mm, the inner straight, erect, with unarmed or minutely armed tips.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="corolla coloration or density;corolla some measurement"><b>Corollas </b>± purple, 14–16 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="lobe length or size">lobes ca. 3 times longer than throat.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela some measurement;cypsela architecture"><b>Cypselae </b>golden to brown, 4–6 mm, finely 20-nerved;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="pappus bristle some measurement;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">pappus bristles 15–20 mm. <b>2n</b> = ca. 54 (Chile), 60, 62.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering spring–early summer (Mar–Jul).
|habitat=Aggressive weed of waste ground, rangelands, pastures, roadsides, fields
|elevation=0–1000 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ark.;Calif.;Idaho;Miss.;N.Y.;Oreg.;Pa.;S.C.;Tex.;Europe (Mediterranean region)
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Carduus pycnocephalus var. pycnocephalus has been reported from New York; I have not seen a specimen from there.</p><!--
--><p>Italian thistle is a serious rangeland pest in much of California, especially near the coast where it sometimes forms pure stands, both in full sun and in partial shade. Populations increase under grazing pressure as more palatable plants are preferentially consumed.</p><!--
--><p>Old herbarium records indicate that Carduus pycnocephalus was introduced on ballast into several east-coast ports (e.g., Philadelphia, Mobile) in the 1800s; the lack of subsequent collections suggests that conditions were unsuitable for the species to become permanently established.</p><!--
--><p>The only published chromosome counts for Carduus pycnocephalus from North American material are from California specimens (A. M. Powell et. al. 1974). Published chromosome counts (2n = 18, 31, 32, 54, 60, 64, 80) for C. pycnocephalus from a variety of Old World localities indicate that this is a complex species in need of further investigation.</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus
|authority=
|rank=subspecies
|parent rank=species
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|phenology=Flowering spring–early summer (Mar–Jul).
|habitat=Aggressive weed of waste ground, rangelands, pastures, roadsides, fields
|elevation=0–1000 m
|distribution=Ala.;Ark.;Calif.;Idaho;Miss.;N.Y.;Oreg.;Pa.;S.C.;Tex.;Europe (Mediterranean region)
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_49.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cardueae
|genus=Carduus
|species=Carduus pycnocephalus
|subspecies=Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus
|2n chromosome quantity=62;60;54
|abaxial face pubescence=tomentose
|adaxial face pubescence=glabrate;pilose;tomentose
|appendage architecture=not scarious-margined
|appendage arrangement or course or shape=linear
|appendage pubescence or relief=scabrous
|appendage width=0.5mm;1.5mm
|basal leaf shape=tapering
|base fixation or orientation=appressed
|base pubescence=tomentose
|base width=2mm;3mm
|blade some measurement=10cm;25cm
|cauline leaf architecture=sessile
|cauline leaf height or length or size=shorter
|corolla coloration or density=purple
|corolla some measurement=14mm;16mm
|cypsela architecture=20-nerved
|cypsela coloration=golden;brown
|cypsela some measurement=4mm;6mm
|hair architecture=septate;single-celled
|hair shape=curled
|hair width=fine
|head architecture=short-pedunculate;sessile
|head arrangement=clustered;or
|head quantity=2;5
|head some measurement=20mm;25mm
|inner phyllary course=straight
|inner phyllary orientation=erect
|involucre length=17mm;22mm
|involucre shape=cylindric;ellipsoid
|involucre width=7mm;15mm
|lobe length or size=3 times longer than throat
|margin shape=divided;2-5-lobed
|margin size=reduced
|pappus bristle some measurement=15mm;20mm
|peduncle architecture=unwinged;winged
|peduncle pubescence=tomentose
|peduncle some measurement=0cm;2cm
|petiole architecture=winged
|phyllary orientation=ascending
|phyllary shape=linear-lanceolate
|spine tip some measurement=1mm;3mm
|stem architecture=simple;openly branched
|stem pubescence=villous;tomentose
|tip architecture=armed;unarmed
|whole-organism duration=annual
|whole-organism some measurement=20cm;200cm
|wing tooth some measurement=0mm;10mm
}}<!--

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