View source for Chelone

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Chelone
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 611. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Turtlehead
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Plantaginaceae;Chelone
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Chelone]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek chelon, tortoise, alluding to fancied resemblance between flower back and tortoise back
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 5, 12, 15, 59, 80, 81, 294
|treatment_page=page 57
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem location">rhizomes producing 1–12 aerial stems.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, glabrous or glabrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, opposite;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence">petiole present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade texture;blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins serrate to dentate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position or structure subtype;cyme shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary and terminal, spikelike cymes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape">bracts ovate to broadly lanceolate, margins ciliate or not.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>absent or present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bracteole position relational">bracteoles ± as large as caly× lobes, nearly surrounding caly× of flowers they subtend.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal architecture or shape;sepal shape;lobe shape">sepals 5, proximally connate, caly× radially symmetric, campanulate, lobes ovate, outer lobes ± as wide as inner;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla architecture or shape;corolla architecture;corolla shape;tube base shape;tube base shape;throat pubescence;lobe quantity;abaxial lobe quantity;abaxial lobe shape;middle abaxial lobe prominence;palate pubescence;palate pubescence;throat condition;adaxial lobe quantity">corolla white, light pink-red, or dark purple throughout or white and pink to purple distally, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, tubular, tube base not spurred or gibbous, throat not densely pilose internally, lobes 5, abaxial 3, ovate to rounded with middle abaxial one elevated into villous to lanate, bearded palate nearly closing throat, adaxial 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;stamen architecture;filament pubescence">stamens 4 (or 5), proximally adnate to corolla, didynamous, filaments pubescent to villous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="staminode quantity;staminode shape">staminode (0 or) 1, spatulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma architecture or shape">stigma capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="fruits capsule dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, dehiscence septicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>ca. 50, tan to light-brown, darker towards center, globular to ovoid, wings present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="wing presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 14.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=c;e North America
|discussion=<p>Species 4 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Chelone is a member of Cheloneae, which in North America includes Chionophila, Collinsia, Keckiella, Nothochelone, Penstemon, and Tonella. These genera share a cymose inflorescence, the presence of a staminode, simple hairs, and stems that contain pith (A. D. Wolfe et al. 2002). In phylogenetic analyses using molecular (Wolfe et al.) and morphological (A. D. Nelson 1995) data, species of Chelone occur in a clade with N. nemorosa. Chelone has a reduced cyme with relatively large bracteoles, adaxially ridged corollas, triangular pollen amb (grain shape from polar view), rugulate-reticulate pollen exine sculpting, and circumalate (surrounded by a wing) seeds; Nothochelone has a more-branched cyme with relatively small bracteoles, abaxially ridged corollas, circular pollen amb, reticulate pollen exine sculpting, and asymmetric seed wings (Nelson). Both genera have hypogynous disc nectaries (Wolfe et al.).</p><!--
--><p>Species of Chelone occur in wetland habitats. Their seeds float readily and are likely dispersed by water. Flowers are pollinated by bumblebees (Bombus spp.; F. W. Pennell 1935). Some leaf and seed herbivores use species of Chelone as a host (N. E. Stamp 1984, 1987). Common examples of leaf herbivores include the Baltimore checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton) on C. glabra as well as sawfly larvae (Macrophya nigra and Tenthredo grandis), which are known from C. glabra and C. obliqua. One common larval seed predator known from C. glabra and C. obliqua is an agromyzid dipteran (Phytomyza cheloniae).</p><!--
--><p>Species and cultivars of Chelone are available from nurseries and florists. Plants can escape from cultivation (T. S. Cooperrider 1969) and may have become naturalized outside their native range, especially in New England. Chelone was used medicinally by Native Americans and pioneers (C. S. Rafinesque 1828[–1830]; D. E. Moerman 1998).</p><!--
--><p>Purported examples of inter- and intraspecific hybridization in Chelone were reported by A. D. Nelson and W. J. Elisens (1999). Rare individuals of C. cuthbertii or C. lyonii with narrow leaf bases might be the result of hybridization with C. glabra or C. obliqua (Nelson 1995). Rare individuals of C. lyonii with pink-tipped staminodes might result from hybridization with C. cuthbertii (Nelson). Individuals of C. glabra with completely pink, red, or purple corollas might be the result of hybridization with sympatric species of Chelone that have similar corollas (Nelson); this seems to occur rarely based on morphologic and isozyme variation (Nelson and Elisens).</p><!--
--><p>Chelone glabra and C. obliqua may be difficult to distinguish because all qualitative characters exhibit some overlap. Staminode colors usually are preserved in herbarium specimens; corolla and beard colors are often difficult to determine from dried plants.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=nelson1995a
|text=Nelson, A. D. 1995. Polyploid Evolution in Chelone (Scrophulariaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oklahoma.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=nelson1999a
|text=Nelson, A. D. and W. J. Elisens. 1999. Polyploid evolution and biogeography in Chelone (Scrophulariaceae): Morphological and isozyme evidence. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1487–1501.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petioles 0–3 mm; staminode apices purple; corollas pink-red to purple.
|[[Chelone cuthbertii|Chelone cuthbertii]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petioles (0–)2–40 mm; staminode apices white to light pink or green, rarely purple; corollas completely dark pink, pink-red, red, or purple with abaxial surfaces sometimes paler to white, or completely white to white in tube and distally green-white, pink, red, or purple.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Petioles (2–)10–40 mm; leaf blade bases rounded to truncate; bracts 2–7 mm; staminode apices white to light pink.
|[[Chelone lyonii|Chelone lyonii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Petioles (0–)2–20 mm; leaf blade bases cuneate; bracts 4–23 mm; staminode apices white or green, rarely purple.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas completely white to white in tube and distally green-white, pink, red, or purple; palates white-bearded, rarely green-yellow-bearded; staminode apices green.
|[[Chelone glabra|Chelone glabra]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas dark pink to red to purple, sometimes paler to white abaxially; palates yellow-bearded, rarely white-bearded; staminode apices white, rarely green or purple.
|[[Chelone obliqua|Chelone obliqua]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Chelone
|author=Allan D. Nelson
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Plantaginaceae
|distribution=c;e North America
|reference=nelson1995a;nelson1999a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V17/V17_170.xml
|genus=Chelone
|abaxial lobe quantity=3
|abaxial lobe shape=ovate;rounded
|adaxial lobe quantity=2
|blade texture=not leathery;not fleshy
|bract shape=ovate;broadly lanceolate
|bracteole position relational=surrounding
|corolla architecture=bilabiate
|corolla architecture or shape=symmetric
|corolla coloration=dark purple throughout or white and pink;purple
|corolla shape=tubular
|cyme shape=spikelike
|filament pubescence=pubescent;villous
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule dehiscence=septicidal
|inflorescence position=axillary
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf arrangement=opposite
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=ovate
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=not;ciliate
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;dentate
|middle abaxial lobe prominence=elevated
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|ovary placentation=axile
|palate pubescence=bearded;villous;lanate
|pedicel presence=absent;absent
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|seed coloration=darker;tan;light-brown
|seed quantity=50
|seed shape=globular;ovoid
|sepal architecture or shape=symmetric
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=campanulate
|stamen architecture=didynamous
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=4
|staminode quantity=1
|staminode shape=spatulate
|stem location=aerial
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrate;glabrous
|stem quantity=1;12
|stigma architecture or shape=capitate
|throat condition=closing
|throat pubescence=pilose
|tube base shape=gibbous;not spurred
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|wing presence=absent
|x chromosome quantity=14
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Plantaginaceae]]