View source for Circaea ← Circaea You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Circaea |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=1: 8. 1753 |year=1753 }} |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Onagraceae;Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae;Onagraceae tribe Circaeeae;Circaea |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Onagraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Onagraceae tribe Circaeeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Circaea]]</div></div> |etymology=Greek kirkaia, a poetic name, alluding to mythical enchantress Circe’s usage of an unknown plant as a charm |volume=Volume 10 |mention_page= |treatment_page= }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;herb architecture;herb growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, caulescent, colonial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stolon quantity">stolons numerous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, unbranched or sparsely branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, opposite;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="">stipules present, soon deciduous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule architecture">petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture or shape">blade margins dentate to prominently dentate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence orientation"><b>Inflorescences </b>simple or branched racemes, terminal on main-stem or also at apex of branches, erect.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;bud orientation"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, zygomorphic, buds erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="floral-tube floral-tube prominence;floral-tube floral-tube duration;opening orientation;disc texture;disc shape;disc shape">floral-tube inconspicuous, deciduous (with sepals, petals, and stamens) after anthesis, with a nectary wholly within and filling proximal portion of floral-tube or elongated and projecting above opening of floral-tube as a fleshy, cylindrical or ringlike disc;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal orientation;sepal orientation">sepals 2, reflexed to spreading;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;sepal arrangement;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal shape;apex shape">petals 2, alternate sepals, white or pink, without spots, clawed, apex notched;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;anther fixation;pollen arrangement">stamens 2, anthers basifixed, pollen shed singly;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;stigma shape;stigma shape;surface condition;surface relief">ovary 1-locular or 2-locular, stigma bilobed or obpyramidal, surface wet, minutely papillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruit orientation;fruit orientation;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit dehiscence;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule dehiscence;groove prominence;groove dehiscence or orientation;ridge shape;hair fragility;hair shape"><b>Fruit </b>a capsule, spreading or slightly reflexed, globose to clavoid or obovoid, indehiscent, surface smooth or with prominent longitudinal grooves (sulci) and rounded ridges, burlike, with stiff, hooked hairs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="surface architecture or pubescence or relief;surface architecture or pubescence or relief;surface architecture or shape;surface architecture;surface duration">pedicellate, deciduous at maturity.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>1 or 2, ellipsoid, glabrous, without appendages.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seed quantity;seed quantity;seed shape;seed pubescence;seed quantity">= 11.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia;n Africa |discussion=<p>Species 8 (3, including 1 hybrid, in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Circaea occurs throughout the temperate and boreal northern hemisphere, but is most diverse in eastern Asia, where all but one species occur. Reproductive features include: self-compatible; flowers diurnal, outcrossing, and pollinated by syrphid flies and small bees, or, sometimes, autogamous. It is found in rich, moist soils in deciduous forests and thickets, forest margins, and in moss or soil in mixed, coniferous-broadleaved deciduous, boreal forests. Circaea alpina subsp. alpina and C. canadensis subsp. canadensis often grow in close proximity and hybridize in eastern North America to produce C. ×sterilis. The unilocular C. alpina, with petals less than 2 mm, is self-pollinating under adverse weather conditions, but outcrosses on warm, sunny days. Because of its shorter style and much smaller pollen grains, it is probably the pollen recipient during hybridization events. Artificial hybridization experiments in England using C. alpina as the pollen donor and C. lutetiana as the pollen recipient failed to result in offspring, although hybrids were easily produced in the other direction (P. M. Benoit 1966). Recent molecular phylogenetic analysis supported the separation of the C. canadensis complex into two species; C. alpina subsp. pacifica was found to be sister to the remainder of the genus rather than being nested with other members of C. alpina (Xie L. et al. 2009). Thus, despite the strong morphological similarities of taxa within the C. canadensis and C. alpina complexes, these North American taxa may be better treated as separate species. Further detailed molecular studies are underway to examine this in more detail (Xie et al., unpubl.).</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Flowers opening before elongation of raceme axis, clustered and corymbiform at apex of raceme, on ascending to erect pedicels; capsules clavoid, without corky ribs or grooves; stolons terminated by a tuber. |[[Circaea alpina|Circaea alpina]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Flowers opening after elongation of raceme axis, more or less loosely spaced, borne on spreading pedicels; capsules usually obovoid to pyriform or subglobose, rarely clavoid, with corky, thickened ribs with deep grooves, or fruit sterile and aborting shortly after anthesis; stolons without or with a terminal tuber. |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Ovaries all or nearly all developing to maturity; capsules with corky thickened ribs separated by deep grooves; pollen highly fertile (greater than 80%); stolons without a tuber. |[[Circaea canadensis|Circaea canadensis]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Ovaries aborting shortly after anthesis, very rarely a few persistent, but easily detached, after anthesis; capsules, when somewhat persistent, smooth or with only low ribs and with shallow grooves; pollen highly sterile (less than 2% fertile); stolons terminated by a tuber or, more commonly, apex sligltly dilated. |[[Circaea ×sterilis|Circaea ×sterilis]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Circaea |author=David E. Boufford |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Onagraceae |distribution=North America;Europe;Asia;n Africa |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl. |publication year=1753 |special status= |source xml= |subfamily=Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae |tribe=Onagraceae tribe Circaeeae |genus=Circaea |anther fixation=basifixed |apex shape=notched |blade margin architecture or shape=dentate;prominently dentate |bud orientation=erect |capsule dehiscence=indehiscent |capsule orientation=reflexed;spreading |capsule shape=obovoid;globose |disc shape=ringlike;cylindrical |disc texture=fleshy |floral-tube floral-tube duration=deciduous |floral-tube floral-tube prominence=inconspicuous |flower architecture=zygomorphic |flower reproduction=bisexual |fruit dehiscence=indehiscent |fruit orientation=reflexed;spreading |fruit shape=obovoid;globose |groove dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal |groove prominence=prominent |hair fragility=stiff |hair shape=hooked |herb architecture=caulescent |herb duration=perennial |herb growth form=colonial |inflorescence architecture=branched;simple |inflorescence orientation=erect |inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal |leaf arrangement=opposite |leaf position=cauline |opening orientation=projecting |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular;1-locular |petal quantity=2 |pollen arrangement=singly |ridge shape=rounded |seed pubescence=glabrous |seed quantity=11;2;1 |seed shape=ellipsoid |sepal arrangement=alternate |sepal coloration=pink;white |sepal orientation=reflexed;spreading |sepal quantity=2 |sepal shape=clawed |stamen quantity=2 |stem architecture=branched;unbranched |stem orientation=erect |stigma shape=obpyramidal;bilobed |stipule architecture=petiolate |stipule duration=deciduous |stipule presence=absent |stolon quantity=numerous |surface architecture=pedicellate |surface architecture or pubescence or relief=with prominent longitudinal grooves;smooth |surface architecture or shape=burlike |surface condition=wet |surface duration=deciduous |surface relief=papillate }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Onagraceae tribe Circaeeae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Onagraceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Circaea.