View source for Cirsium arizonicum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cirsium arizonicum
|accepted_authority=(A. Gray) Petrak
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Bot. Tidsskr.
|place=31: 68. 1911
|year=1911
}}
|common_names=Arizona thistle
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Cnicus arizonicus
|authority=A. Gray
|rank=species
|publication_title=Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
|publication_place=10: 44. 1874
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Cardueae;Cirsium;Cirsium arizonicum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Cardueae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cirsium]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Cirsium arizonicum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 19
|mention_page=page 100, 101, 104, 131, 142, 143, 144
|treatment_page=page 141
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Perennials,</b> 30–150 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="caudex architecture;runner root architecture">taprooted caudices or runner roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;trichome width;trichome architecture;trichome pubescence;trichome architecture"><b>Stems </b>1–several, erect or ascending, glabrous to thinly arachnoid-tomentose with fine non-septate trichomes and/or villous with septate trichomes, sometimes ± glabrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="branch quantity;branch orientation">branches 0–many, ascending.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade width;blade shape;blade shape;lobe quantity;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;main spine some measurement;abaxial face coloration;abaxial face pubescence;midvein pubescence;trichome architecture;adaxial face coloration;adaxial face pubescence;adaxial face pubescence"><b>Leaves:</b> blades oblongelliptic, 3–40 × 1–13 cm, unlobed and spinulose to shallowly lobed or divided nearly to midvein, lobes few–many, ovate to linear-acuminate, often again lobed or divided, main spines 2–30 mm, abaxial faces green, glabrous to densely gray tomentose, sometimes midveins villous with septate trichomes, adaxial green, glabrous to gray-tomentose, sometimes glabrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="basal leaf presence;basal leaf shape;basal leaf architecture;basal leaf architecture">basal sometimes present at flowering, unlobed to deeply spiny-lobed, winged-petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="principal cauline leaf architecture;principal cauline leaf arrangement;principal cauline leaf size;base shape;base architecture or fixation;wing architecture or shape;wing some measurement">principal cauline sessile, well distributed, gradually diminished distally, bases sometimes decurrent as spiny wings to 2.5 cm or clasping;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="distalmost leaf shape">distalmost sometimes ± bractlike.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="head quantity;head orientation;array architecture;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>1–100+, erect, in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="peduncle some measurement"><b>Peduncles </b>0–15 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width;involucre pubescence;involucre pubescence"><b>Involucres </b>cylindric or ovoid to campanulate, 1.5–4 × 1–2.5 cm (body), loosely arachnoid or ± glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="phyllary arrangement;phyllary coloration;series quantity;inner phyllary coloration;inner phyllary shape;margin architecture or shape;ridge size or width;ridge prominence;ridge coating"><b>Phyllaries </b>in 7–9 series, imbricate, green or the inner reddish to rich reddish purple, ovate or lanceolate (outer) to linear (inner), margins of outer entire, abaxial faces often with narrow, inconspicuous glutinous ridge;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="outer and mid body fixation or orientation;outer and mid body height or length or size;outer and mid body architecture or shape;apex orientation;apex prominence;apex length or size;apex size or width;apex architecture or shape;apex pubescence;spine orientation;spine size;spine shape;spine shape;spine some measurement">outer and mid bodies appressed, short, entire, apices spreading to ascending, inconspicuous to long, narrow, entire or minutely ciliolate, spines erect to reflexed (outer) to ascending (inner), slender to stout, cylindric or basally flattened, 1–30 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="body apex architecture;body apex architecture;body apex height or length or size;body apex prominence or shape;spine course;spine course">apices of inner unarmed or with straight or flexuous spines, short, flat.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla some measurement;tube some measurement;throat some measurement;lobe some measurement"><b>Corollas </b>pink to red, lavender, or purple (white), 25–31 mm, tubes 7–12.5 mm, throats 1.5–8.5 mm, lobes 10–17 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style tip some measurement">style tips 1–4 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="cypsela coloration;cypsela some measurement;apical collar coloration;apical collar some measurement"><b>Cypselae </b>brown, 3.5–7 mm, apical collars stramineous, 0.2–0.3 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pappus some measurement;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">pappi 17–28 mm. <b>2n</b> = 30, 32, 34.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Utah;nw Mexico
|discussion=<p>Varieties 5 (5 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The Cirsium arizonicum complex is widely distributed from the Sierra Nevada, White Mountains, and New York Mountains of eastern California across the mountains of the southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau to the mountains of eastern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. This group of plants comprises a series of intergrading races with intricately overlapping patterns of variation. For plants that I am treating as C. arizonicum (in the broad sense), F. Petrak (1917) recognized three species, one with a variety and two subspecies plus his unstated type subspecies and variety. R. J. Moore and C. Frankton (1974b) revised the complex, recognizing six species, three of them newly described, for the plants I treat as C. arizonicum plus C. turneri, which I do not include in C. arizonicum. P. L. Barlow-Irick (2002), in a work focused on statistical analyses of variation patterns, recognized six species also, but circumscribed very differently from those of Moore and Frankton. Two of the species proposed by Barlow-Irick have not been formally described.</p><!--
--><p>I have wrestled with how to treat these plants since beginning my research for this treatment. After careful consideration of the complex patterns of variation among members of the C. arizonicum complex, I acknowledged the futility of trying to distinguish more than one species. Any character combinations that I or others have attempted to use to distinguish species break down hopelessly when enough specimens are examined. Instead I have chosen to recognize that in this complex, as in several others, the plants in question are a work of evolution in progress. Cirsium arizonicum is a rapidly evolving, only partially differentiated assemblage of races that have not reached the level of stability that is usually associated with the concept of species. Certainly there is much variation within the group that deserves a level of taxonomic recognition, or at least should be mentioned, but I think it much more prudent to recognize varieties–entities that may be expected to freely intergrade–rather than species. The geographic area where these plants occur, the highlands of the American Southwest, has had a turbulent history in the Quaternary with major shifts in climate, vegetation, and elevational zonation accompanying the vicissitudes of glacial and interglacial episodes. The complicated patterns of variation in C. arizonicum reflect both that history and the geographic and topographic complexity of the region.</p><!--
--><p>Heads of Cirsium arizonicum are visited by hummingbirds as well as a variety of insects (P. L. Barlow-Irick 2002). Hummingbirds are the most common visitors, but hummingbirds and bees are both apparently effective pollinators in C. arizonicum.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=irick2002a
|text=Irick, P. L. 2002. Biosystematic Analysis of the Cirsium arizonicum Complex of the Southwestern United States. Ph.D. dissertation. University of New Mexico.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=moore1974a
|text=Moore, R. J. and C. Frankton. 1974b. The Cirsium arizonicum complex of the southwestern United States. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 543–551.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Corollas bright red or reddish pink
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Corollas lavender to reddish purple
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves glabrous on both faces
|[[Cirsium arizonicum var. rothrockii|Cirsium arizonicum var. rothrockii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves ± tomentose, at least on the abaxial faces
|[[Cirsium arizonicum var. arizonicum|Cirsium arizonicum var. arizonicum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stems and abaxial leaf midveins villous to tomentose with septate trichomes; leaves conspicuously decurrent; leaves deeply divided, lobes many, narrow, closely spaced, each tipped by a very slender spine 5–12 mm; northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico
|[[Cirsium arizonicum var. chellyense|Cirsium arizonicum var. chellyense]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Stems and abaxial leaf midveins glabrous to tomentose with fine, non-septate trichomes; septate trichomes usually absent; leaf divisions various
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Principal marginal leaf spines 3–10 mm; New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado
|[[Cirsium arizonicum var. bipinnatum|Cirsium arizonicum var. bipinnatum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Principal marginal leaf spines 5–30 mm; southeastern California and southwestern Nevada
|[[Cirsium arizonicum var. tenuisectum|Cirsium arizonicum var. tenuisectum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cirsium arizonicum
|authority=(A. Gray) Petrak
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Cnicus arizonicus
|family=Asteraceae
|distribution=Ariz.;Calif.;Colo.;N.Mex.;Nev.;Utah;nw Mexico
|reference=irick2002a;moore1974a
|publication title=Bot. Tidsskr.
|publication year=1911
|special status=Illustrated
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V19_124.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Cardueae
|genus=Cirsium
|species=Cirsium arizonicum
|2n chromosome quantity=34;32;30
|abaxial face coloration=green
|abaxial face pubescence=glabrous;densely gray tomentose
|adaxial face coloration=green
|adaxial face pubescence=glabrate;glabrous;gray-tomentose
|apex architecture or shape=entire
|apex length or size=long
|apex orientation=spreading;ascending
|apex prominence=inconspicuous
|apex pubescence=ciliolate
|apex size or width=narrow
|apical collar coloration=stramineous
|apical collar some measurement=0.2mm;0.3mm
|array architecture=paniculiform;corymbiform
|basal leaf architecture=sessile;winged-petiolate
|basal leaf presence=absent
|basal leaf shape=unlobed;deeply spiny-lobed
|base architecture or fixation=clasping
|base shape=decurrent
|blade length=3cm;40cm
|blade shape=spinulose;shallowly lobed or divided
|blade width=1cm;13cm
|body apex architecture=with straight or flexuous spines;unarmed
|body apex height or length or size=short
|body apex prominence or shape=flat
|branch orientation=ascending
|branch quantity=0;many
|caudex architecture=taprooted
|corolla coloration=pink;red lavender or purple
|corolla some measurement=25mm;31mm
|cypsela coloration=brown
|cypsela some measurement=3.5mm;7mm
|distalmost leaf shape=bractlike
|head orientation=erect
|head quantity=1;100
|inner phyllary coloration=reddish;rich reddish purple
|inner phyllary shape=lanceolate;linear
|involucre length=1.5cm;4cm
|involucre pubescence=glabrous;arachnoid
|involucre shape=ovoid;campanulate
|involucre width=1cm;2.5cm
|lobe quantity=few;many
|lobe shape=divided;lobed;ovate;linear-acuminate
|lobe some measurement=10mm;17mm
|main spine some measurement=2mm;30mm
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|midvein pubescence=villous
|outer and mid body architecture or shape=entire
|outer and mid body fixation or orientation=appressed
|outer and mid body height or length or size=short
|pappus some measurement=17mm;28mm
|peduncle some measurement=0cm;15cm
|phyllary arrangement=imbricate
|phyllary coloration=green
|principal cauline leaf architecture=sessile
|principal cauline leaf arrangement=distributed
|principal cauline leaf size=diminished
|ridge coating=glutinous
|ridge prominence=inconspicuous
|ridge size or width=narrow
|runner root architecture=taprooted
|series quantity=7;9
|spine course=flexuous;straight
|spine orientation=erect;reflexed
|spine shape=flattened;cylindric
|spine size=slender;stout
|spine some measurement=1mm;30mm
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem pubescence=glabrate;glabrous;thinly arachnoid-tomentose
|stem quantity=1;several
|style tip some measurement=1mm;4mm
|throat some measurement=1.5mm;8.5mm
|trichome architecture=septate;septate;non-septate
|trichome pubescence=villous
|trichome width=fine
|tube some measurement=7mm;12.5mm
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole-organism some measurement=30cm;150cm
|wing architecture or shape=spiny
|wing some measurement=0cm;2.5cm
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Cirsium]]