View source for Citrullus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Citrullus
|accepted_authority=Schrader in C. F. Ecklon and K. L. P. Zeyher
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in C. F. Ecklon and K. L. P. Zeyher, Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral.
|place=2: 279. 1836
|year=1836
}}
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Anguria
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|publication_title=name rejected
|publication_place=
}} {{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Colocynthis
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|publication_title=name rejected
|publication_place=
}}
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Cucurbitaceae;Citrullus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cucurbitaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Citrullus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Generic name Citrus and Latin - ellus, diminutive, alluding to supposed resemblance of fruits
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 6
|treatment_page=page 41
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism orientation;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial, monoecious, trailing or climbing;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem duration;stem pubescence;stem pubescence">stems annual, villous or pustulate-scabrous to pustulate-hispid and sparsely hirsute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="root texture;root texture;root texture;root architecture">roots fibrous or fleshy to somewhat woody, tuberous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="tendril architecture;tendril architecture">tendrils unbranched or 2–3 [–4] -branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;surface architecture"><b>Leaves:</b> blade ovate or elongate-ovate to lanceolate-ovate or ovate-triangular, deeply palmately 3–5 (–7) -lobed, lobes oblong to ovate or triangular, each pinnately lobed to shallowly sinuate-lobulate, margins remotely serrate to dentate or denticulate, surfaces eglandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence architecture;flower architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences:</b> staminate and pistillate flowers solitary, from different axils;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bract duration;bract arrangement or course or shape">bracts caducous, linear.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="hypanthium shape"><b>Flowers:</b> hypanthium campanulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal shape">sepals 5, [oblong-ovate to deltate] lanceolate to linearlanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal coloration;petal shape;petal some measurement;petal pubescence;corolla shape">petals 5, connate in proximal 1/2, yellow, obovate-oblong to widely oblanceolate [oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate], 6–16 mm, pubescent to glabrate, corolla rotate to campanulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen quantity"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: stamens 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;filament fusion">filaments inserted at hypanthium base, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;theca fusion;theca vernation;connective width">thecae distinct, replicate, forming a head, connective broad;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillodes present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary shape"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: ovary 6-locular, ellipsoid to obovoid or subglobose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity">ovules 50–100+ per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;style quantity;style shape;style architecture or shape">styles 1, short-columnar, deeply cleft;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma quantity;stigma shape">stigmas 3, 2-lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode presence">staminodes present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo coloration;fruits pepo shape;fruits pepo architecture or pubescence or relief;fruits pepo pubescence;fruits pepo dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>pepos, green, yellow, or variegated green and whitish or green and yellow, ± longitudinally striped, globose or subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, indehiscent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed shape;seed architecture;margin variability"><b>Seeds </b>50–300+ (or many more in some cultivated forms), usually ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong, compressed, not arillate, margins not differentiated, surface smooth or slightly verrucose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="surface relief;surface relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Asia;Africa;widely
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species 5 (3 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>In Citrullus the rind (hypanthium/pericarp) may be firm and tough or thin and fragile; it may be durable (persisting intact after maturity) or not. The mesocarp can be fleshy or dry and it varies in color from red or pink to orange, light yellowish orange, yellow, greenish, or whitish.</p><!--
--><p>Citrullus lanatus is commonly established in the flora area as a waif but rarely, if ever, persists more than one season. Citrullus caffer is a poorly documented transient and C. colocynthis apparently grows as a weed in crop fields.</p><!--
--><p>The five species of Citrullus are C. lanatus, the domesticated watermelon; C. caffer (C. lanatus var. citroides), the preserving melon or citron; C. colocynthis, the bitter apple; and C. ecirrhosus Cogniaux and C. rehmii DeWinter, wild species endemic to desert regions of Namibia. Citrullus caffer, C. lanatus, and C. rehmii are monoecious annuals; C. colocynthis and C. ecirrhosus are perennials. All are native to dry habitats of northern Africa (C. colocynthis) or southern Africa (C. caffer, C. ecirrhosus, C. lanatus, and C. rehmii), and all are cross-compatible with each other.</p><!--
--><p>The monotypic Praecitrullus Pangalo [P. fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo, Indian round gourd, apple gourd, Indian baby pumpkin], a monoecious annual from Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan, was segregated from Citrullus and has proved to be more closely related to Benincasa (F. Dane and P. Lang 2004; A. Levi and C. E. Thomas 2005; Levi et al. 2010).</p><!--
--><p>Discovery of 5000-year-old Citrullus lanatus seeds in Libya (K. Wasylikowa and M. Van der Veen 2004) indicates that its domestication might have occurred in northern Africa. Remains also have been found in tombs and temples in Egypt (ca. 1330 bce) and Sudan (1500 bce). Seeds of C. colocynthis appear in early Egyptian, Libyan, and near-eastern sites, and it was probably used prior to its domestication (F. Dane and P. Lang 2004; Dane and J. Liu 2007). Watermelons are mentioned in European herbals from the 1500s and by 1625 were widely planted as a minor crop in European gardens. They arrived early in North America with European colonists, appearing in Florida by 1567 and in Massachusetts by 1629.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=aquino2000a
|text=Aquino Assis, J. G. de et al. 2000. Implications of the introgression between Citrullus colocynthis and C. lanatus characters in the taxonomy, evolutionary dynamics and breeding of watermelon. Pl. Genet. Resources Newslett. 121: 15–19.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dane2004a
|text=Dane, F. and P. Lang. 2004. Sequence variation at cpDNA regions of watermelon and related wild species: Implications for the evolution of Citrullus haplotypes. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 1922–1929.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=f2004a
|text=Dane F., P. Lang, and R. Bakhtiyarova. 2004. Comparative analysis of chloroplast DNA variability in wild and cultivated Citrullus species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108: 958–966.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=f2007a
|text=Dane F. and J. Liu. 2007. Diversity and origin of cultivated and citron type watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 54: 1255–1265.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fursa1972a
|text=Fursa, T. B. 1972. K sistematike roda Citrullus Schrad. (On the taxonomy of genus Citrullus Schrad.) Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 57: 31–41.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fursa1981a
|text=Fursa, T. B. 1981. Intraspecific classification of water-melon under cultivation. Kulturpflanze 29: 297–300.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jarret2000a
|text=Jarret, R. L. and M. Newman. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Citrullus and the placement of C. rehmii De Winter as determined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence heterogeneity. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 47: 215–222.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=levi2005a
|text=Levi, A. and C. E. Thomas. 2005. Polymorphisms among chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Citrullus species and subspecies. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 52: 609–617.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants perennial; stems pustulate-scabrous to pustulate-hispid; tendrils usually unbranched, rarely 2-branched; pepos 4–7(–10) cm diam.
|[[Citrullus colocynthis|Citrullus colocynthis]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annual; stems villous; tendrils 2–3-branched; pepos 12–35+ cm diam
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades ovate to lanceolate-ovate or ovate-triangular, mostly 8–20 cm; pepos globose to oblong-ellipsoid, 12–35+ cm diam., rind tough, not durable, mesocarp juicy, red to orange, yellow, or greenish, sweet.
|[[Citrullus lanatus|Citrullus lanatus]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blades ovate, 3–8 cm; pepos globose to globose-ovoid, 15–25 cm diam., rind tough, durable, mesocarp dry, whitish, bitter.
|[[Citrullus caffer|Citrullus caffer]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Citrullus
|authority=Schrader in C. F. Ecklon and K. L. P. Zeyher
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=Anguria;Colocynthis
|family=Cucurbitaceae
|distribution=Asia;Africa;widely
|introduced=true
|reference=aquino2000a;dane2004a;f2004a;f2007a;fursa1972a;fursa1981a;jarret2000a;levi2005a
|publication title=in C. F. Ecklon and K. L. P. Zeyher, Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral.
|publication year=1836
|special status=Introduced
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_66.xml
|genus=Citrullus
|blade shape=3-5(-7)-lobed;elongate-ovate;lanceolate-ovate or ovate-triangular
|bract arrangement or course or shape=linear
|bract duration=caducous
|connective width=broad
|corolla shape=rotate;campanulate
|filament fusion=distinct
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;pistillate
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|fruits pepo architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|fruits pepo coloration=striped;variegated green and whitish or green and yellow;yellow;variegated green and whitish or green and yellow;yellow;green
|fruits pepo dehiscence=indehiscent
|fruits pepo pubescence=glabrous
|fruits pepo shape=subglobose;ellipsoid
|hypanthium shape=campanulate
|inflorescence architecture=staminate
|lobe shape=pinnately lobed;shallowly sinuate-lobulate
|margin architecture or shape=serrate
|margin shape=denticulate;dentate
|margin variability=not differentiated
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=6-locular
|ovary shape=ellipsoid;obovoid or subglobose
|ovule quantity=50;100
|petal coloration=yellow
|petal fusion=connate
|petal pubescence=pubescent;glabrate
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=obovate-oblong;widely oblanceolate
|petal some measurement=6mm;16mm
|pistillode presence=absent
|root architecture=tuberous
|root texture=woody;fleshy;fibrous
|seed architecture=not arillate
|seed quantity=50;300
|seed shape=compressed;usually ovoid;ellipsoid or oblong
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=lanceolate
|stamen quantity=3
|staminode presence=absent
|stem duration=annual
|stem pubescence=hirsute;pustulate-scabrous;pustulate-hispid
|stigma quantity=3
|stigma shape=2-lobed
|style architecture or shape=cleft
|style quantity=1
|style shape=short-columnar
|surface architecture=eglandular
|surface relief=verrucose;smooth
|tendril architecture=2-3[-4]-branched;unbranched
|theca fusion=distinct
|theca vernation=replicate
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;climbing
|whole_organism orientation=trailing
|whole_organism reproduction=monoecious
|x chromosome quantity=11
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]