View source for Clarkia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Clarkia
|accepted_authority=Pursh
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Amer. Sept.
|place=1: 256, 260 [
|other_info_on_pub=as Clarckia], plate 11. 1813
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Onagraceae;Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae;Onagraceae tribe Onagreae;Clarkia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Onagraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Onagraceae tribe Onagreae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Clarkia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For Captain William Clark, 1770–1838, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
|volume=Volume 10
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;herb architecture"><b>Herbs,</b> annual, caulescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem size;stem size;stem size;stem orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>slender to stout, erect to prostrate or decumbent, unbranched to sparsely branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule architecture;stipule architecture;petiole height or length or size">sessile or petiolate, petiole usually shorter than blade;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade margin shape;blade margin shape">blade margins entire or denticulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties=""><b>Inflorescences </b>usually racemes or spikes, rarely panicles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bud orientation;bud orientation">buds erect or pendent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, usually actinomorphic, often protandrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="floral-tube duration;basal nectary life cycle">floral-tube deciduous (with sepals, petals, and stamens) after anthesis, usually with basal nectary and a ring of hairs inside;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal fusion;sepal orientation;sepal arrangement;pair quantity">sepals 4, often pink to purplish red, usually connate to tip in bud, reflexed singly, in pairs, or all together to 1 side at anthesis;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals 4, usually lavender or pink to dark reddish purple, pale-yellow or white, [rarely blue (C. tenella)], often spotted, flecked or streaked with red, purple, or white;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;series quantity;series variability;series size;series quantity;series quantity;filament shape;filament size;scale pubescence;anther fixation;tip shape;tip reproduction;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen coloration;pollen arrangement">stamens 8, in 2 equal or unequal series, or 4 in 1 series, filaments filiform or expanded distally, sometimes subtended by hairy scales, anthers basifixed, often with short-acute sterile tip, pollen cream, yellow, blue-gray, lavender, or red, shed singly;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;stigma shape;stigma structure in adjective form;inner surface condition or texture;inner surface relief">ovary 4-locular, stigma 4-lobed, commissural, lobes receptive only on dry, unicellular-papillose inner surfaces.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="beak reproduction"><b>Fruit </b>a capsule, elongate, straight or curved, cylindrical, fusiform, or subclavate, often 4-angled (shallowly to deeply 4-grooved or 8-grooved) or terete, loculicidal, often tardily dehiscent, sometimes with sterile beak, rarely short, indehiscent and nutlike (C. heterandra);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="fruit shape;fruit course;fruit course;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit dehiscence;fruit height or length or size;fruit dehiscence;fruit architecture or shape;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;capsule shape;capsule course;capsule course;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule dehiscence;capsule height or length or size;capsule dehiscence;capsule architecture or shape;capsule architecture;capsule architecture">sessile or pedicellate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="cel length"><b>Seeds </b>usually numerous, rarely (C. heterandra) 1 or 2, usually angled, cubic, or elongate to spindle-shaped, often with crest of elongated cells, scaly or minutely tuberculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seeds; cel crest relief;seeds; cel crest quantity">= 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w North America;w South America
|discussion=<p>Species 42 (41 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Molecular phylogenetic analysis places a strongly monophyletic Clarkia as sister to Gayophytum and Chylismiella (R. A. Levin et al. 2004). All but one species of Clarkia are endemic to western North America; the only exception is C. tenella (Cavanilles) H. Lewis & M. E. Lewis, which occurs in Mediterranean-climate regions of Argentina and Chile. Several species of Clarkia are grown ornamentally, especially C. amoena, the so-called Godetia of horticulture, and C. unguiculata, the common garden clarkia. Both species and cultivars developed from them are used in annual border plantings or in hanging baskets. Clarkia pulchella is also commonly cultivated, especially in Europe. Clarkia has been the subject of detailed systematic and evolutionary studies for more than half a century, and there are many reports of these studies in the literature (H. Lewis and M. E. Lewis 1955; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb 2003; V. M. Eckhart et al 2004).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Capsules indehiscent, nutlike, 2–3 mm, 1 or 2 seeded [6h.7. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Heterogaura].
|[[Clarkia heterandra|Clarkia heterandra]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Capsules loculicidal, 10–70 mm, many-seeded.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stamens 4; floral tube slender, 13–35 mm; petals conspicuously 3-lobed [6a. sect. Eucharidium].
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petal length 2 times width, lobes ± equal or middle lobe wider.
|[[Clarkia concinna|Clarkia concinna]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Petal length equal to width, middle lobe longer and much narrower.
|[[Clarkia breweri|Clarkia breweri]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Stamens 8; floral tube obconic to campanulate or funnelform, 1–10(–15) mm; petals lobed or not.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inner anthers sterile; petals with 3 subequal lobes [6b. sect. Clarkia].
|[[Clarkia pulchella|Clarkia pulchella]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inner anthers fertile, anthers similar or inner much smaller, paler; petals not 3-lobed.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescence axis recurved at tip in bud; buds pendent.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Petal claw broad with pair of lateral basal lobes; stamens subtended by ciliate scales [6d. sect. Myxocarpa].
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stigma not or rarely exserted beyond anthers; petals 6–12(–14) mm.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals not spotted; pollen yellow.
|[[Clarkia stellata|Clarkia stellata]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Petals spotted or mottled or with darker flecks; pollen blue-gray.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescence axis recurved only at tip in bud, straight 4+ nodes distal to open flowers.
|[[Clarkia virgata|Clarkia virgata]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Inflorescence axis in bud recurved 1–3 nodes distal to open flowers.
|[[Clarkia rhomboidea|Clarkia rhomboidea]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stigma exserted beyond anthers (rarely so in C. virgata); petals (7–)12–20 mm.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Inflorescence axis recurved in bud, straight 1–3 nodes distal to open flowers; petal length 1.4–1.6 times width.
|[[Clarkia mildrediae|Clarkia mildrediae]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Inflorescence axis recurved only at tip in bud, straight 4+ nodes distal to open flowers; petal length 1.5–3 times width.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Flower buds fusiform, tip acute.
|[[Clarkia borealis|Clarkia borealis]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Flower buds narrowly obovoid, tip obtuse.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Petal length 1.5–2 times width.
|[[Clarkia mosquinii|Clarkia mosquinii]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Petal length 1.9–3 times width.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades elliptic to ovate.
|[[Clarkia virgata|Clarkia virgata]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf blades linear to lanceolate.
|[[Clarkia australis|Clarkia australis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Petals not clawed or claw not greater than 2 mm, without lateral lobes; stamens not subtended by scales.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Petals shallowly to deeply 2-lobed [6h.1. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Lautiflorae].
|[[Clarkia biloba|Clarkia biloba]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Petals not 2-lobed, sometimes emarginate.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Stamens subequal, anthers of similar size and color.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Ovary 4-grooved; capsules usually wider distally [6c.3. sect. Rhodanthos subsect. Jugales].
|[[Clarkia gracilis|Clarkia gracilis]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Ovary conspicuously 8-grooved; capsules not wider distally [6c.2. sect. Rhodanthos subsect. Flexicaules].
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Stigma not exserted beyond anthers; pedicel in fruit 0–3 mm.
|[[Clarkia lassenensis|Clarkia lassenensis]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Stigma exserted beyond anthers; pedicel in fruit 5–15 mm.
|[[Clarkia arcuata|Clarkia arcuata]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Inner stamens shorter, inner anthers much smaller, paler.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stigma not exserted beyond anthers; petals 5–12 mm.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Petals white to pale cream, not flecked, fading pink [6h.3. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Micranthae].
|[[Clarkia epilobioides|Clarkia epilobioides]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Petals pale to dark pink, usually darker flecked.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Petals pink, usually darker flecked [6h.1. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Lautiflorae].
|[[Clarkia modesta|Clarkia modesta]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Petals pale pink, shading nearly white near base, purple- flecked [6h.2. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Prognatae].
|[[Clarkia similis|Clarkia similis]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stigma exserted beyond anthers; petals 10–35 mm.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Corollas rotate; petals oblanceolate [6h.1. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Lautiflorae].
|[[Clarkia lingulata|Clarkia lingulata]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Corollas bowl-shaped; petals fan-shaped.
|[[#key-0-22| > 22]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Ovary 8-grooved [6h.1. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Lautiflorae] .
|[[Clarkia dudleyana|Clarkia dudleyana]]
|-id=key-0-22
|22
|Ovary 4-grooved [6h.5. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Sympherica].
|[[#key-0-23| > 23]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Width of outer filaments about 2 times inner; floral tube 2–7 mm ring of hairs in floral tube below rim.
|[[Clarkia cylindrica|Clarkia cylindrica]]
|-id=key-0-23
|23
|Width of all filaments about equal or inner slightly thinner; floral tube 1.5–4 mm ring of hairs in floral tube at rim.
|[[#key-0-24| > 24]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Capsule beak 0–3 mm .
|[[Clarkia lewisii|Clarkia lewisii]]
|-id=key-0-24
|24
|Capsule beak 7–15 mm.
|[[Clarkia rostrata|Clarkia rostrata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescence axis straight or erect; buds erect or pendent.
|[[#key-0-25| > 25]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Buds pendent; corollas rotate or bowl-shaped; inner stamens shorter, inner anthers smaller, paler.
|[[#key-0-26| > 26]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Petals 2-lobed, with a slender central tooth [6g. sect. Fibula].
|[[Clarkia xantiana|Clarkia xantiana]]
|-id=key-0-26
|26
|Petals not lobed.
|[[#key-0-27| > 27]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Corollas bowl-shaped; petals not clawed [6g. sect. Fibula].
|[[#key-0-28| > 28]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Seeds brown.
|[[Clarkia bottae|Clarkia bottae]]
|-id=key-0-28
|28
|Seeds gray.
|[[Clarkia jolonensis|Clarkia jolonensis]]
|-id=key-0-27
|27
|Corollas rotate; petals clawed.
|[[#key-0-29| > 29]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Petal claw shorter than blade [6h.4. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Connubium].
|[[Clarkia delicata|Clarkia delicata]]
|-id=key-0-29
|29
|Petal claw equal to or longer than blade [6h.6. sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Phaeostoma].
|[[#key-0-30| > 30]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Sepals and ovary puberulent, mixed with longer, straight spreading hairs to 3 mm.
|[[Clarkia unguiculata|Clarkia unguiculata]]
|-id=key-0-30
|30
|Sepals and ovary sparsely to densely puberulent, without longer, straight spreading hairs.
|[[#key-0-31| > 31]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Leaf blades not glaucous, bright green.
|[[Clarkia exilis|Clarkia exilis]]
|-id=key-0-31
|31
|Leaf blades glaucous, gray-green or reddish green.
|[[#key-0-32| > 32]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Sepals usually dark red-purple; stigma exserted beyond anthers.
|[[Clarkia springvillensis|Clarkia springvillensis]]
|-id=key-0-32
|32
|Sepals green, red-tinged or not; stigma exserted or not beyond anthers.
|[[Clarkia tembloriensis|Clarkia tembloriensis]]
|-id=key-0-25
|25
|Buds erect; corollas bowl-shaped; stamens subequal, anthers of similar size and color.
|[[#key-0-33| > 33]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Sepals remaining connate along edges and reflexed together to 1 side.
|[[#key-0-34| > 34]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Ovary 8-grooved.
|[[#key-0-35| > 35]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Petals 30–60 mm; ovary fusiform [6c.1. sect. Rhodanthos subsect. Primigenia].
|[[Clarkia amoena|Clarkia amoena]]
|-id=key-0-35
|35
|Petals 5–15 mm; ovary cylindrical [6f. sect. Biortis].
|[[Clarkia affinis|Clarkia affinis]]
|-id=key-0-34
|34
|Ovary 4-grooved [6c.1. sect. Rhodanthos subsect. Primigenia].
|[[#key-0-36| > 36]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Petals with distinct red spot or mark near middle.
|[[Clarkia amoena|Clarkia amoena]]
|-id=key-0-36
|36
|Petals red or reddish purple at base.
|[[#key-0-37| > 37]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Petals 10–30 mm; stigma exserted beyond anthers.
|[[Clarkia rubicunda|Clarkia rubicunda]]
|-id=key-0-37
|37
|Petals 5–13 mm; stigma not exserted beyond anthers.
|[[Clarkia franciscana|Clarkia franciscana]]
|-id=key-0-33
|33
|Sepals reflexed individually or in pairs [6e. sect. Godetia].
|[[#key-0-38| > 38]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Stigma not exserted beyond anthers; petals 5–15 mm.
|[[#key-0-39| > 39]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Stems erect; leaf blades usually linear to lanceolate, apex acute.
|[[Clarkia purpurea|Clarkia purpurea]]
|-id=key-0-39
|39
|Stems prostrate to decumbent; leaf blades elliptic to oblanceolate, apex usually obtuse.
|[[#key-0-40| > 40]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Petals 5–11 mm, without spot.
|[[Clarkia davyi|Clarkia davyi]]
|-id=key-0-40
|40
|Petals 10–15 mm, with red spot above base.
|[[Clarkia prostrata|Clarkia prostrata]]
|-id=key-0-38
|38
|Stigma exserted beyond anthers; petals 10–30 mm.
|[[#key-0-41| > 41]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Inflorescences dense; ovary at anthesis longer than adjacent internode.
|[[#key-0-42| > 42]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Floral tube conspicuously veined; petals with large, wedge-shaped purplish red spot near apex.
|[[Clarkia imbricata|Clarkia imbricata]]
|-id=key-0-42
|42
|Floral tube not conspicuously veined; petals with red spot near or proximal to middle.
|[[Clarkia speciosa|Clarkia speciosa]]
|-id=key-0-41
|41
|Inflorescences open; ovary at anthesis shorter than adjacent internode.
|[[#key-0-43| > 43]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Buds mucronate, sepal tips distinct in bud.
|[[Clarkia williamsonii|Clarkia williamsonii]]
|-id=key-0-43
|43
|Buds not mucronate, sepal tips connate to tip.
|[[#key-0-44| > 44]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Petals without red or red-purple spot.
|[[Clarkia speciosa|Clarkia speciosa]]
|-id=key-0-44
|44
|Petals with conspicuous red or purple spot.
|[[#key-0-45| > 45]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Petal spot at or proximal to middle.
|[[Clarkia speciosa|Clarkia speciosa]]
|-id=key-0-45
|45
|Petal spot distal to middle.
|[[Clarkia purpurea|Clarkia purpurea]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Clarkia
|author=Harlan Lewis†;Peter C. Hoch
|authority=Pursh
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Onagraceae
|distribution=w North America;w South America
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Amer. Sept.
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=
|subfamily=Onagraceae subfam. Onagroideae
|tribe=Onagraceae tribe Onagreae
|genus=Clarkia
|anther fixation=fixed
|basal nectary life cycle=anthesis
|beak reproduction=sterile
|blade margin shape=denticulate;entire
|bud orientation=pendent;erect
|capsule architecture=pedicellate;sessile
|capsule architecture or shape=nutlike
|capsule course=curved;straight
|capsule dehiscence=indehiscent;loculicidal
|capsule height or length or size=short
|capsule shape=terete;4-angled;clavate;fusiform;cylindrical;elongate
|cel length=elongated
|filament shape=filiform
|filament size=expanded
|floral-tube duration=deciduous
|flower architecture=actinomorphic
|flower reproduction=protandrous;bisexual
|fruit architecture=pedicellate;sessile
|fruit architecture or shape=nutlike
|fruit course=curved;straight
|fruit dehiscence=indehiscent;loculicidal
|fruit height or length or size=short
|fruit shape=terete;4-angled;clavate;fusiform;cylindrical;elongate
|herb architecture=caulescent
|herb duration=annual
|inner surface condition or texture=dry
|inner surface relief=unicellular-papillose
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=cauline
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=4-locular
|pair quantity=0;1
|petal coloration=white;purple;punct;streaked with red;flecked;white;purple;punct;streaked with red;flecked;spotted;pink;dark reddish purple pale-yellow or white
|petal quantity=4
|petiole height or length or size=usually shorter
|pollen arrangement=singly
|pollen coloration=red;lavender;red;lavender;blue-gray;yellow;cream
|scale pubescence=hairy
|seeds; cel crest quantity=7
|seeds; cel crest relief=tuberculate
|sepal arrangement=singly
|sepal coloration=pink;purplish red
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal orientation=reflexed
|sepal quantity=4
|series quantity=1;4;2
|series size=unequal
|series variability=equal
|stamen quantity=8
|stem architecture=unbranched;sparsely branched
|stem growth form or orientation=decumbent;prostrate
|stem orientation=erect
|stem size=slender;stout
|stigma shape=4-lobed
|stigma structure in adjective form=commissural
|stipule architecture=petiolate;sessile
|stipule presence=absent
|tip reproduction=sterile
|tip shape=short-acute
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Onagraceae tribe Onagreae]]