View source for Clintonia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Clintonia
|accepted_authority=Rafinesque
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev.
|place=2: 266. 1818
|year=1818
}}
|common_names=Clintonia
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Xeniatrum
|authority=Salisbury
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Clintonia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Clintonia]]</div></div>
|etymology=for De Witt Clinton (1769–1828), statesman and several-times governor of New York
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 14, 15, 51, 57, 150, 152
|treatment_page=page 151
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, rhizomatous, 1.5–8 dm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="fibrou-root width">rhizomes bearing thin, fibrous-roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="basal leaf quantity;basal leaf orientation;basal leaf architecture;basal leaf architecture or shape;basal leaf coloration;basal leaf pubescence"><b>Leaves:</b> basal 2–6, arising from rhizome crown, sessile, sheathing, hyaline, chaffy in age;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="cauline leaf architecture;blade shape;blade pubescence;central vein prominence;base shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape">cauline petiolate, blade with central vein prominent basally, obovate to oblanceolate, weakly villous-pubescent, base attenuate to cuneate, margins entire, apex acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence shape;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;raceme height or length or size"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, in short racemes or umbellike clusters, 1–45-flowered, bracteate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="bract architecture;bract arrangement or course or shape">bracts foliaceous or linear.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="tepal duration;tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal shape;nectary presence;nectary prominence"><b>Flowers:</b> tepals caducous, 6, distinct, obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, nectaries present, sometimes obscure;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="">stamens inserted at perianth base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="filament shape;filament pubescence">filaments dilated, basally pubescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="anther shape;anther architecture;anther dehiscence or orientation">anthers oblong-obovate to oblong-linear, semiversatile, extrorse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary shape;ovary pubescence;ovule quantity">ovary superior, 2-locular [3-locular], ovoid to subcylindrical, glabrous, ovules 2–10 per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="style shape;style shape">style columnar, compressed laterally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stigma shape">stigmas weakly 2-lobed [3-lobed];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pedicel size;pedicel shape;pedicel orientation">pedicels unequal, elongate and ascending with age.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit coloration;fruit architecture;fruit shape;fruit architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Fruits </b>baccate, metallic blue to black, 4–30-seeded, ellipsoid to ovoid, smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>shiny brown, round abaxially, angled with 2 or 3 faces.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="seed reflectance;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Temperate North America;e Asia
|discussion=<p>Species 5 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Eastern and western Native Americans used Clintonia as an eye and heart medicine, as well as a dermatological and gynecological aid (D. E. Moerman 1986).</p><!--
--><p>The North American Clintonia species have bicarpellate ovaries by reduction (F. H. Utech 1973) and reticulate pollen, in contrast to the typical liliaceous tricarpellate ovaries and gemmate pollen that occur in the eastern Asian C. udensis (M. Takahashi and K. Sohma 1982; V. N. Kosenko 1991). The genus has a unique type of megasporogenesis, the “Clintonia-type” (A. N. Pahuja and V. Kumar 1971; F. H. Smith 1943; R. W. Smith 1911; R. I. Walker 1944), in which there is a selective elimination of genomes (heterotypic vs. homotypic divisions) before double fertilization, resulting in genetically identical diploid embryo and diploid endosperm nuclei. Such derived megasporogenesis is equivalent to female self-fertilization (pseudogamy).</p><!--
--><p>Counts of 2n = 28 are known in all Clintonia species except for a recently discovered sympatric diploid cytotype (2n = 14) in C. udensis (Li S. F. and Chang Z. Y. 1996; Li S. F. et al. 1996). It appears therefore that the Clintonia karyotype has an ancient allopolyploid origin and that the generic base number should be viewed as x = 7 and not x = 14. Based on these karyological data, an early eastern Asian and North American divergence with speciation and polyploidization occurring in North America is postulated.</p><!--
--><p>M. N. Tamura (1998c) included Medeola and Clintonia in the tribe Medeoloideae within a narrowly defined Liliaceae, and molecular analysis supports the association of those two genera (K. Hayashi et al. 1998, 2001; M. F. Fay and M. W. Chase 2000).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences 1–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences 10–45-flowered, in terminal and/or lateral, umbel-like clusters.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 1.5–2.5 dm; inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered; tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm; w North America.
|[[Clintonia uniflora|Clintonia uniflora]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Plants 2–5 dm; inflorescences 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm; anthers 2–3.5 mm; e North America.
|[[Clintonia borealis|Clintonia borealis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences 20–45-flowered, lateral clusters usually present; tepals claret red, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 10–18 mm; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon.
|[[Clintonia andrewsiana|Clintonia andrewsiana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal clusters only; tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, ovoid-obovate, 5.5–8 mm; berries black, 2–4-seeded; e North America.
|[[Clintonia umbellulata|Clintonia umbellulata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Clintonia
|author=Frederick H. Utech
|authority=Rafinesque
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Xeniatrum
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=Temperate North America;e Asia
|reference=None
|publication title=Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev.
|publication year=1818
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_243.xml
|genus=Clintonia
|anther architecture=semiversatile
|anther dehiscence or orientation=extrorse
|anther shape=oblong-obovate;oblong-linear
|apex shape=mucronate;acute;abruptly short-acuminate
|basal leaf architecture=sessile
|basal leaf architecture or shape=sheathing
|basal leaf coloration=hyaline
|basal leaf orientation=arising
|basal leaf pubescence=chaffy
|basal leaf quantity=2;6
|base shape=attenuate;cuneate
|blade pubescence=villous
|blade shape=obovate;oblanceolate
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract arrangement or course or shape=linear
|cauline leaf architecture=petiolate
|central vein prominence=prominent
|fibrou-root width=thin
|filament pubescence=pubescent
|filament shape=dilated
|fruit architecture=4-30-seeded;baccate
|fruit architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|fruit coloration=metallic blue;black
|fruit shape=ellipsoid;ovoid
|inflorescence architecture=bracteate;1-45-flowered
|inflorescence arrangement=cluster
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence shape=umbel-like
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|nectary presence=absent
|nectary prominence=obscure
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|ovary position=superior
|ovary pubescence=glabrous
|ovary shape=ovoid;subcylindrical
|ovule quantity=2;10
|pedicel orientation=ascending
|pedicel shape=elongate
|pedicel size=unequal
|raceme height or length or size=short
|seed coloration=brown
|seed reflectance=shiny
|seed shape=angled;round
|stigma shape=2-lobed
|style shape=compressed;columnar
|tepal duration=caducous
|tepal fusion=distinct
|tepal quantity=6
|tepal shape=obovate;narrowly oblanceolate
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism some measurement=1.5dm;8dm
|x chromosome quantity=7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Liliaceae]]