View source for Cosmos

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Cosmos
|accepted_authority=Cavanilles
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Icon.
|place=1: 9, plate 14. 1791
|year=1791
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Coreopsidinae;Cosmos
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Coreopsidinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cosmos]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek kosmos, harmoniously ordered universe, or kosmo, ornament
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 184
|treatment_page=page 203
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Annuals </b>[perennials or subshrubs], 30–250 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>usually 1, erect or ascending, branched distally or ± throughout.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>mostly cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">opposite;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture">petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;ultimate margin architecture or shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face relief">blades usually 1–3-pinnately lobed [undivided], ultimate margins usually entire, faces usually glabrous, sometimes glabrate, hispid, puberulent, or scabridulous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture or arrangement;head arrangement;head arrangement;array architecture"><b>Heads </b>radiate, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bractlet atypical quantity;bractlet quantity;bractlet fusion;bractlet shape;bractlet growth form or texture"><b>Calyculi </b>of [5–] 8 basally connate, ± linear to subulate, herbaceous (striate) bractlets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre shape;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>hemispheric or subhemispheric [cylindric], 3–15 mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="phyllary duration;phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary quantity;phyllary fusion;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary shape;phyllary variability;phyllary texture;phyllary texture;series quantity;margin texture"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, [5–] 8 in ± 2 series, distinct, lanceolate, lance-oblong, lanceovate, or oblong, ± equal, membranous or herbaceous, margins ± scarious.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="receptacle prominence or shape;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>flat, paleate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="palea life cycle;palea shape;palea shape;palea shape;palea texture">paleae falling, linear, flat or slightly concave-convex, scarious (entire).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ray-floret presence;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture"><b>Ray-</b>florets [0, 5] 8 (more in “double” cultivars), neuter;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas white to pink or purple, or yellow to red-orange.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="disc-floret atypical quantity;disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 10–20 [–80+], bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="corolla coloration;tube height or length or size;lobe quantity;lobe shape">corollas yellow [orange] (at least distally), tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments hairy near anthers; style-branches linear, flattened, thicker distally, hirtellous, appendages relatively slender).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="cypsela size;cypsela shape;cypsela shape;cypsela course or shape;cypsela architecture or shape;cypsela architecture;face pubescence;face pubescence;face relief;face pubescence;face relief;groove quantity"><b>Cypselae </b>(dark-brown or black) relatively slender, quadrangular-cylindric or fusiform [outer somewhat obcompressed], sometimes slightly arcuate, attenuate-beaked, not winged [winged], faces glabrous or hispid to scabridulous or ± setose, sometimes papillate, usually with 1 groove;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="awn atypical quantity;awn quantity;awn architecture or shape;awn presence">pappi persistent [falling], of 2–4 [–8] retrorsely [antrorsely] barbed awns, sometimes 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="pappus duration;x chromosome quantity">x = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical America;especially Mexico;widely  elsewhere
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 26 (4 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=pandey1986a
|text=Pandey, A. K., S. Chopra, and R. P. Singh. 1986. Development and structure of seeds and fruits in Compositae: Cosmos species. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 65: 362–368.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sherff1955a
|text=Sherff, E. E. 1955. Cosmos. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora. 47+ vols. New York. Ser. 2, part. 2, pp. 130–146.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Ray laminae yellow to red-orange
|[[Cosmos sulphureus|Cosmos sulphureus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Ray laminae pink, purple, purplish, rose-pink, violet, or white
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves: ultimate lobes 2–10 mm wide
|[[Cosmos caudatus|Cosmos caudatus]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves: ultimate lobes to 1.5 mm wide
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae 15–50 mm
|[[Cosmos bipinnatus|Cosmos bipinnatus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray laminae 5–9 mm
|[[Cosmos parviflorus|Cosmos parviflorus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Cosmos
|author=Robert W. Kiger
|authority=Cavanilles
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Tropical and subtropical America;especially Mexico;widely  elsewhere
|reference=pandey1986a;sherff1955a
|publication title=Icon.
|publication year=1791
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V21_500.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Coreopsidinae
|genus=Cosmos
|array architecture=corymbiform
|awn architecture or shape=barbed
|awn atypical quantity=4;8
|awn presence=absent
|awn quantity=2;4
|blade shape=lobed
|bractlet atypical quantity=5;8
|bractlet fusion=connate
|bractlet growth form or texture=herbaceous
|bractlet quantity=8
|bractlet shape=less linear;subulate
|corolla coloration=yellow;white;pink or purple or yellow
|cypsela architecture=not winged
|cypsela architecture or shape=attenuate-beaked
|cypsela course or shape=arcuate
|cypsela shape=fusiform;quadrangular-cylindric
|cypsela size=slender
|disc-floret atypical quantity=20;80
|disc-floret quantity=10;20
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=setose;hispid;glabrous;puberulent;hispid;glabrate;glabrous
|face relief=papillate;scabridulous;scabridulous
|groove quantity=1
|head architecture or arrangement=radiate
|head arrangement=in corymbiform arrays;singly
|involucre diameter=3mm;15mm
|involucre shape=subhemispheric;hemispheric
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf arrangement=opposite
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=deltate
|margin texture=scarious
|palea life cycle=falling
|palea shape=concave-convex;flat;linear
|palea texture=scarious
|pappus duration=persistent
|phyllary atypical quantity=5;8
|phyllary duration=persistent
|phyllary fusion=distinct
|phyllary quantity=8
|phyllary shape=oblong;lanceovate;oblong;lanceovate;lance-oblong;lanceolate
|phyllary texture=herbaceous;membranous
|phyllary variability=equal
|ray-floret architecture=neuter
|ray-floret presence=absent
|ray-floret quantity=8
|receptacle architecture=paleate
|receptacle prominence or shape=flat
|series quantity=2
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem quantity=1
|tube height or length or size=shorter
|ultimate margin architecture or shape=entire
|whole-organism duration=annual
|whole-organism some measurement=30cm;250cm
|x chromosome quantity=12
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Coreopsidinae]]