View source for Cynodon ← Cynodon You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Cynodon |accepted_authority=Rich. |publications= |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae;Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae;Cynodon |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Cynodon]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 25 |mention_page= |treatment_page=page 235 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form;turf density">sometimes stoloniferous, sometimes also rhizomatous, often forming dense turf.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement"><b>Culms </b>4-100 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath architecture"><b>Sheaths </b>open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="auricle presence">auricles absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="ligule texture">ligules of hairs or membranous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade prominence or shape;blade arrangement or vernation;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade architecture">blades flat, conduplicate, convolute, or involute, sometimes disarticulating.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;branch shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, digitate or subdigitate panicles of spikelike branches;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="branch atypical quantity;branch quantity;row quantity;spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;spikelet architecture;spikelet fixation or orientation;spikelet arrangement">branches (1) 2-20, 1-sided, with 2 rows of solitary, subsessile, appressed, imbricate spikelets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="spikelet shape;floret atypical quantity;floret quantity;lowest floret function"><b>Spikelets </b>laterally compressed, with 1 (-3) florets, only the lowest floret functional;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="floret size">rachilla extension usually present, sometimes terminating in a reduced floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="rachilla extension presence">disarticulation above the glumes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="glume height or length or size;glume texture;glume shape;glume shape"><b>Glumes </b>usually shorter than the lemmas, membranous, keeled, usually muticous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="lower glume architecture">lower glumes 1-veined;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="upper glume architecture;upper glume architecture or shape">upper glumes 1-3-veined, occasionally shortly awned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="lemma texture;lemma architecture;lemma shape;keel architecture;apex shape;apex shape">lemmas membranous to cartilaginous, 3-veined, keeled, keels with hairs, occasionally winged, apices mucronate or muticous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="palea shape">paleas about as long as the lemmas, 2-keeled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="anther quantity">anthers 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style-branch quantity;style-branch shape">style-branches 2, plumose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="">lodicules 2.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="lodicule quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;N.H.;Puerto Rico;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;B.C.;Md.;Nebr.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Nev.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Kans.;Okla.;Mass.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky. |discussion=<p>Cynodon is a genus of nine species, all of which are native to tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Several species are used as lawn and forage grasses in tropical and warm-temperate regions. The most widespread species, Cynodon dactylon, is also the most frequently encountered species in the Flora region. It is used for lawns, putting greens, and pastures in southern portions of the region, but is generally considered a weed in other parts.</p><!-- --><p>The status of several species in the Flora region is unclear. Species other than C. dactylon usually grow only under cultivation, but there are scattered records of populations of other species from the southern United States that appear to have become established. Cultivars of C. aethiopicus and C. nlemfuënsis are used for pasture primarily in tropical Florida. Cynodon transvaalensis has had limited commercial distribution as a turf grass.</p><!-- --><p>Many cultivars of Cynodon have been developed, some from hybrids between it and other species such as C. transvaalensis, C. aethiopicus, and C. nlemfuënsis. The cultivars may exhibit combinations of features that are not found in the wild species, making it difficult to accommodate them in a key.</p> |tables= |references={{Treatment/Reference |id=alderson1995a |text=Alderson, J. and W.C. Sharp. 1995. Grass Varieties in the United States. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. 296 pp. [previously published by the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, as Agricultural Handbook No. 170, revised 1994] }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=assafa1999a |text=Assafa, S., CM. Taliaferro, M.R Anderson, B.G. de los Reyes, and R.M. Edwards. 1999. Diversity among Cynodon accessions and taxa based on DNA amplification fingerprinting. Genome 42:465-474 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=busey2002a |text=Busey, P. and S. Boyer. 2002. Bermudagrass speeds: Can fast greens be green? http://www.floridaturf.com/ballroll.htm }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=caro1969a |text=Caro, J.A. and E.A. Sanchez. 1969. Las especies de Cynodon (Gramineae) de la Republica Argentina. Kurtziana 5:191-252 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=de1970b |text=de Wet, J.M.J, and J.R. Harlan. 1970. Biosystematics of Cynodon L.C. Rich. (Gramineae). Taxon 19:565-569 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=harlan1969a |text=Harlan, J.R. and J.M.J, de Wet. 1969. Sources of variation in Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Crop Sci. (Madison) 9:774-778 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=harlan1970a |text=Harlan, J.R., J.M.J, de Wet, W.W. Huffine, and J.R. Deakin. 1970. A guide to the species of Cynodon (Gramineae). Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. B-673:1-37 }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=hitchcock1951d |text=Hitchcock, A.S. 1951 [title page 1950]. Manual of the Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, rev. A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1051 pp. }}{{Treatment/Reference |id=jones1992a |text=Jones, S.D. and G.D. Jones. 1992. Cynodon nlemfuënsis, (Poaceae: Chlorideae) previously unreported in Texas. Phytologia 72:93-95. }} }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Lemma keels winged; panicle branches with flattened axes (subg. Pterolemma) |[[Cynodon incompletus|Cynodon incompletus]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Lemma keels not winged; panicle branches with triquetrous axes (subg. Cynodon). |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Glumes 0.1-0.6 mm long |[[Cynodon plectostachyus|Cynodon plectostachyus]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Glumes 1.1-2.6 mm long. |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Panicles with 1-3(4) branches; culms 5-30 cm tall; blades 1-1.5 mm wide |[[Cynodon transvaalensis|Cynodon transvaalensis]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Panicles with (2)4-20 branches; culms 5-100 cm tall; blades (1)2-7 mm wide. |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Panicles with 2-6(9) branches in a single whorl; culms 5-40(50) cm tall. |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Panicles with (2)4-6(9) branches; anthers dehiscent at maturity |[[Cynodon dactylon|Cynodon dactylon]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Panicles with 2-4 branches; anthers indehiscent at maturity |[[Cynodon xmagennisii|Cynodon xmagennisii]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Panicles with 4-20 branches in 1-5 whorls; culms 20-100 cm tall. |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Lemma keels glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; panicle branches usually in 2-5 whorls, stiff, frequently red or purple; culms 25-100 cm tall, woody |[[Cynodon aethiopicus|Cynodon aethiopicus]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Lemma keels shortly pubescent; panicle branches usually in 1 whorl, lax, usually green; culms 20-60 cm tall, not woody |[[Cynodon nlemfuensis|Cynodon nlemfuensis]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Cynodon |author=Mary E. Barkworth; |authority=Rich. |rank=genus |parent rank=tribe |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Poaceae |distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Va.;Del.;D.C;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Fla.;N.H.;Puerto Rico;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;B.C.;Md.;Nebr.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Nev.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Virgin Islands;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Kans.;Okla.;Mass.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Mich.;Miss.;Ky. |reference=alderson1995a;assafa1999a;busey2002a;caro1969a;de1970b;harlan1969a;harlan1970a;hitchcock1951d;jones1992a |publication title= |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25_841.xml |subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae |tribe=Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae |genus=Cynodon |anther quantity=3 |apex shape=muticous;mucronate |auricle presence=absent |blade architecture=disarticulating |blade arrangement or vernation=conduplicate |blade prominence or shape=flat |blade shape=involute;convolute;involute;convolute |branch atypical quantity=1 |branch quantity=2;20 |branch shape=spikelike |culm some measurement=4cm;100cm |floret atypical quantity=1;3 |floret quantity=1 |floret size=reduced |glume height or length or size=usually shorter |glume shape=muticous;keeled |glume texture=membranous |inflorescence architecture=subdigitate;digitate |inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal |keel architecture=winged |lemma architecture=3-veined |lemma shape=keeled |lemma texture=membranous;cartilaginous |ligule texture=membranous |lodicule quantity=2 |lower glume architecture=1-veined |lowest floret function=functional |palea shape=2-keeled |rachilla extension presence=absent |row quantity=2 |sheath architecture=open |spikelet architecture=subsessile |spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |spikelet arrangement=imbricate |spikelet fixation or orientation=appressed |spikelet shape=compressed |style-branch quantity=2 |style-branch shape=plumose |turf density=dense |upper glume architecture=1-3-veined |upper glume architecture or shape=awned |whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous;stoloniferous |whole_organism duration=perennial |whole_organism growth form=plant |x chromosome quantity=9 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Cynodonteae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Poaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Reference (view source) Return to Cynodon.