View source for Dianthus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Dianthus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 409. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 191. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Pink;carnation;oeillet
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Caryophylloideae;Dianthus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Caryophylloideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Dianthus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek dios, divine, and anthos, flower, alluding to beauty or fragrance
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 4, 6, 152, 163
|treatment_page=page 159
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial (D. armeria annual or biennial), sometimes mat-forming.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot fragility or size;rhizome size;rhizome size"><b>Taproots </b>stout, rhizomes (when present) slender or stout.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem shape;stem shape"><b>Stems </b>erect or ascending, simple or branched, terete or angled.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf fusion;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>connate proximally into sheath, petiolate (basal leaves) or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;apex shape">blade 1-veined, linear or oblong to ovate, apex acute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;cyme architecture;cyme density;cyme architecture;cyme arrangement;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, open cymes, dense bracteate clusters or heads, or flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bract arrangement;bract texture;bract presence">bracts paired, herbaceous to scarious, or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucel bracteole quantity;involucel bracteole texture;involucel bracteole texture">involucel bracteoles 1–3 pairs, herbaceous or scarious.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel orientation"><b>Pedicels </b>erect in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal fusion;sepal some measurement;tube coloration;tube coloration;tube architecture;tube shape;tube shape;between sepals commissure presence;lobe coloration;lobe coloration;lobe architecture;lobe shape;lobe height or length or size;margin coloration;margin coloration;margin texture;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals connate proximally into tube, 10–22 mm, tube green or reddish, 20–60-veined, ± cylindric, terete, commissures between sepals absent, lobes green or reddish, 3–8-veined, triangular to lanceolate, shorter than tube, margins white or reddish, mostly scarious, apex acute or obtuse;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;center coloration;auricle presence;coronal appendage presence;blade apex shape;blade apex shape;blade apex length">petals often pink or red, sometimes white or purple, sometimes spotted or with darker center, clawed, auricles absent, coronal appendages absent, blade apex dentate or fimbriate to 1/2 of length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="">nectaries at filament bases;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion">stamens 10, adnate with petals to carpophore;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="staminode presence">staminodes absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 1-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style shape;style some measurement;style pubescence">styles 2, filiform, 0.7–6 mm, glabrous proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma arrangement or course or shape;stigma relief;stigma quantity">stigmas 2, linear along adaxial surface of styles, papillate (30×).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="capsule shape;tooth quantity"><b>Capsules </b>ovoid to cylindric, opening by 4 teeth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpophore presence">carpophore present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;seed relief;marginal wing presence;appendage presence"><b>Seeds </b>40–100+, blackish brown, shield-shaped, dorsiventrally compressed, papillose-striate to papillate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="">embryo central, straight.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="embryo position;embryo course;x chromosome quantity">x = 15.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=n North America;Eurasia (Balkans to c Asia);Africa;in North America (except D. repens);South America;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);possibly Australia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 320 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Dianthus species have been popular garden subjects for years; there are now over 27,000 registered cultivar names (A. C. Leslie 1983 and 19 subsequent supplements). Although they are most popular in Great Britain, many species and cultivars are grown in North America. While some popular taxa (e.g., D. caryophyllus Linnaeus, clove pink, and the hybrids called D. ‘allwoodii’, Allwood’s pink) do not appear to escape and/or persist after cultivation, others do so readily. Five of the six species treated here are introduced and readily persist; D. repens is our only native species.</p><!--
--><p>In spite of the popularity of Dianthus in horticulture, the genus requires a thorough study using modern methods. It is the second largest genus in the family (surpassed only by Silene) but there is no recent monograph or comprehensive infrageneric classification. The genus is sometimes divided into two subgenera [Dianthus and Carthusianastrum F. Williams; e.g., F. A. Pax and K. Hoffmann (1934c) and T. G. Tutin and S. M. Walters (1993)], corresponding to the division indicated in couplet one of the key below. Others, including M. Kuzmina (2002, 2003), have considered this an artificial separation.</p><!--
--><p>Besides the six species treated here, five others have been collected at least once outside of cultivation in North America and could be expected elsewhere in the flora area. On the basis of bracteole length, one species would key near Dianthus deltoides, and four near D. plumarius. Dianthus chinensis Linnaeus, the rainbow pink, similar to D. deltoides but with four involucral bracteoles, a glabrous calyx, and basal leaves absent when the plants flower, was noted as “persisting” in Lambton County, Ontario (C. K. Dodge 1915). Dianthus sequieri Villars, with bracteoles over one-half as long as the calyx, is otherwise similar to D. plumarius but with broader leaves [2–5 versus 1(–2) mm] and dentate petals. It was collected along a roadside at Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, in 1948, 1949, and 1950 (Turner 6416, ALTA, DAO; 7019, DAO; 7269, ALTA). Dianthus arenarius Linnaeus, similar to D. plumarius but with green leaves shorter than 4 cm and petal blades with a greenish central spot and divided over one-half their length, was reported as a garden escape near Ottawa, Ontario, in 1958. Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen, similar to D. plumarius but with green leaves and entire or toothed, glabrous petals, was found in a ditch near Hancock, Michigan, in 1982 (Rabeler 711, MICH, MSC), quite possibly an escape from cultivation. Dianthus gratianopolitanus Villars, a popular rock-garden plant similar to D. plumarius but with glaucous leaves shorter than 4.5 cm, petal blades divided less than one-fourth their length, and narrowly scarious sepal-lobe margins, was collected along a roadside near Berrie, Ontario, in 1973 (Reznicek 3640, MICH, TRT).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences 3-15(-20+)-flowered, dense heads or open cymes, seldom flowers solitary; flowers subsessile, pedicels 0.1-2(-3) mm; bracts herbaceous to scarious, equaling or longer than calyx; bracteoles 2/ 1/ 4 times as long as calyx [subg. Carthusianastrum]
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences 1(-4)-flowered, open cymes or usually flowers solitary; flowers pedicellate, pedicels 4-25(-30) mm; bracts absent; bracteoles 1/4-2/3(-3/4) as long as calyx [subg. Dianthus]
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences 3-6-flowered, open cymes, sometimes flowers solitary; calyx pubescent
|[[Dianthus armeria|Dianthus armeria]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences 4-20+-flowered, dense heads; calyx glabrous, lobe margins may be ciliate
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades lanceolate to ovate; leaves connate proximally, forming sheath 1(-2) times as long as stem diam
|[[Dianthus barbatus|Dianthus barbatus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades linear to spatulate; leaves connate proximally, forming sheath 3-8 times as long as stem diam
|[[Dianthus carthusianorum|Dianthus carthusianorum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Bracteoles ca. 1/2- 4 as long as calyx
|[[Dianthus repens|Dianthus repens]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Bracteoles 1/ 1/ 2 as long as calyx
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals 4-9 mm, apex dentate; bracteoles 3- 2 as long as calyx
|[[Dianthus deltoides|Dianthus deltoides]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals 8-15 mm, apex divided into narrow segments to 1/ 2 as long as blade; bracteoles 4- 3 as long as calyx
|[[Dianthus plumarius|Dianthus plumarius]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Dianthus
|author=Richard K. Rabeler;Ronald L. Hartman
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Caryophyllaceae
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=n North America;Eurasia (Balkans to c Asia);Africa;in North America (except D. repens);South America;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);possibly Australia
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_322.xml
|subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Caryophylloideae
|genus=Dianthus
|apex shape=obtuse;acute;acute
|appendage presence=absent
|auricle presence=absent
|between sepals commissure presence=absent
|blade apex length=0;1/2
|blade apex shape=fimbriate;dentate
|blade architecture=1-veined
|blade shape=oblong;ovate
|bract arrangement=paired
|bract presence=absent
|bract texture=herbaceous;scarious
|capsule shape=ovoid;cylindric
|carpophore presence=absent
|center coloration=darker
|coronal appendage presence=absent
|cyme architecture=bracteate;open
|cyme arrangement=cluster
|cyme density=dense
|embryo course=straight
|embryo position=central
|filament fusion=distinct
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|involucel bracteole quantity=1;3
|involucel bracteole texture=scarious;herbaceous
|leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|leaf fusion=connate
|lobe architecture=3-8-veined
|lobe coloration=reddish;green
|lobe height or length or size=shorter
|lobe shape=triangular;lanceolate
|margin coloration=reddish;white
|margin texture=scarious
|marginal wing presence=absent
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|pedicel orientation=erect
|petal coloration=with darker center;spotted;purple;white;red;pink
|petal shape=clawed
|rhizome size=stout;slender
|seed coloration=blackish brown
|seed quantity=40;100
|seed relief=papillose-striate;papillate
|seed shape=compressed;shield--shaped
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal some measurement=10mm;22mm
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=10
|staminode presence=absent
|stem architecture=branched;simple
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem shape=angled;terete
|stigma arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stigma quantity=[30;2
|stigma relief=papillate
|style pubescence=glabrous
|style quantity=2
|style shape=filiform
|style some measurement=0.7mm;6mm
|taproot fragility or size=stout
|tooth quantity=4
|tube architecture=20-60-veined
|tube coloration=reddish;green
|tube shape=terete;cylindric
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb;mat-forming
|x chromosome quantity=15
}}<!--

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