View source for Dudleya ← Dudleya You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Dudleya |accepted_authority=Britton & Rose |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=New N. Amer. Crassul., |place=12. 1903 , }} |common_names=Live-forever;siempreviva |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Crassulaceae;Dudleya |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Crassulaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Dudleya]]</div></div> |etymology=For William Russel Dudley, 1849–1911, American botanist |volume=Volume 8 |mention_page=page 147, 148, 150, 172, 175, 178, 188, 191, 192, 227, 228 |treatment_page=page 171 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, not viviparous, 7–10 dm, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem texture;lateral branch reproduction"><b>Stems </b>above ground (caudex) or underground (corm), usually erect, simple or 2-branched at apex, rarely with lateral vegetative branches, often fleshy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="floral stem duration;floral stem architecture;floral stem architecture;smaller leaf arrangement">floral stems annual, from rosette leaf-axil, simple or branched, overtopping rosette, with scattered smaller leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf life cycle;leaf condition;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>persistent or withering in early summer, drying persistent and often covering caudex for years, densely crowded in basal or terminal rosette, alternate, subclasping basally, petiolate or sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape;blade position;blade shape;blade texture;base architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape">blade linear to orbiculate, nearly laminar to terete or subglobose, 0.2–30 cm, fleshy, base not spurred, margins entire, not ciliate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="">veins entering margins.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>lateral cymes, 2+-cincinnate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower orientation;flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>(usually odorless), erect to pendent, 5-merous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal fusion;sepal variability;sepal height or length or size">sepals connate basally, all alike, shorter than petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petal orientation;petal orientation;petal fusion;petal fusion;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;tube shape">petals erect and forming cylindric to 5-gonal tube or spreading from near middle, connate basally or to middle, white, yellow, orange, or red;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="nectary disc architecture or shape;nectary disc width">nectary disc truncate, wider than tall;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 10;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments adnate to corolla base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="pistil orientation;pistil fusion">pistils erect or ascending to spreading, nearly distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary base shape">ovary base rounded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style height or length or size">styles shorter than ovary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="fruit orientation"><b>Fruits </b>erect to spreading.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>narrowly ovoid, longitudinally ribbed, finely cross-ribbed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed shape;seed architecture or shape;seed architecture or shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 17.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=sw United States;nw Mexico |discussion=<p>Species ca. 45 (26 species in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Dudleya is distinguished by its erect sepals usually connivent to the corolla and its corolla convolute in bud, rarely imbricate. The epipetalous stamens are mostly shorter and adnate higher than the episepalous ones and are not reflexed.</p><!-- --><p>The center of distribution for all three subgenera of Dudleya is near the coast north and south of San Diego, California. Because this area is now largely urban, many of the endemics are more or less threatened: M. W. Skinner and B. M. Pavlik (1994) listed 27 species and subspecies of Dudleya as to some degree rare and endangered. However, most species, including narrow endemics, are abundant where they do grow.</p><!-- --><p>The herbage of some species, such as Dudleya edulis, is reported to have been eaten by Native Americans. Fanciers grow some species, and although the plants have a reputation for being hard to grow, some are easy enough (P. H. Thomson 1993). Some find a place in Californian rock gardens; none is in general cultivation.</p><!-- --><p>C. H. Uhl has studied nearly 400 collections of Dudleya, including all known species (C. H. Uhl and R. V. Moran 1953). All have a basic chromosome number of 17, and about 35% of populations are polyploid, some up to 16-ploid (Uhl 1994). D. Verity (pers. comm.) was able to cross Dudleya species in every combination he tried, regardless of morphology and level of ploidy, including such improbable hybrids as D. blochmaniae × pulverulenta, crossing two of the most unlike. Also, natural hybrids are known between most diploids that grow together; the hybrids are mostly rare (Moran 1951; Moran and Uhl 1952; P. H. Thomson 1993). All diploid hybrids that Uhl studied showed very good chromosome pairing, with no detectable abnormalities at meiosis.</p><!-- --><p>In subg. Dudleya and Stylophyllum an occasional rosette may reroot after breaking off or after the common stem dies and decays; in contrast to the many Crassulaceae that readily multiply by leaves and plantlets, these plants come almost solely from seeds. In subg. Hasseanthus, the rosette leaves do sometimes root and form new plants (M. Dodero 1996).</p><!-- --><p>The most primitive species would seem to be those large and much-branched plants of subg. Stylophyllum with broad, flat leaves, much-branched cymes, and open Sedum-like flowers, such as Dudleya virens subsp. insularis. At the other extreme is D. brevifolia, still with open flowers but with underground tuberous stems, tiny vernal rosettes of subglobose leaves on threadlike petioles, and relatively few flowers. The most-advanced inflorescence and flowers are in hummingbird-pollinated D. pulverulenta, of subg. Dudleya.</p><!-- --><p>The first-named species of Dudleya were placed in Cotyledon, Echeveria, or Sedum; A. Berger (1930), P. A. Munz (1935), and W. L. Jepson (1909–1943, vol. 2) treated Dudleya species under Echeveria. The two are quite distinct and evidently have a long, separate history. Dudleya is centered on the Pacific tectonic plate, with only a few species extending onto the western edge of the North American plate; Echeveria and relatives are on the North American plate and southward (C. H. Uhl 1994).</p><!-- --><p>Although all species of Dudleya readily hybridize, and also species of the Echeveria group, all attempts to cross Dudleya with Echeveria and relatives have failed (C. H. Uhl 1994). Furthermore, Uhl concluded that chromosome changes in Dudleya have been mainly through gene mutations at the molecular level, with few or no changes in gene sequences; in Echeveria and relatives, he found a wide range of diploid chromosome numbers, with evidence of rearrangements of gene sequences (Uhl 1992). These different mechanisms of chromosome change suggested that the two groups might not be so closely related as usually thought (Uhl 1993). From the different structures of their testas, U. Knapp (1994) agreed; H. ’t Hart (1995) thought that the two probably came from different mostly Old-World lineages: Dudleya from his paraphyletic Leucosedum-clade, with such genera as Pistorinia and Rosularia and with Sedum album, and allies; and Echeveria from his paraphyletic Acre-clade, with the other Mexican genera Graptopetalum, Pachyphytum, Sedum in part, and Villadia, and with Sedum acre, and allies, in the Old World.</p><!-- --><p>My descriptions are based largely on live plants. The five species of subg. Hasseanthus and the six of subg. Stylophyllum are fairly well defined and distinct; subg. Dudleya, despite some help from chromosome numerology, is still notoriously difficult. Although such diploids as Dudleya stolonifera are distinct endemics, D. abramsii and D. cymosa are wide-ranging and polymorphic diploids, whose diverse populations do not sort out easily into geographic subspecies. Similarly, such polyploids as D. nesiotica and D. traskiae are distinct endemics; others form difficult complexes, thus far defying classification. Hence the treatment of some species, and the keys to them, remain quite unsatisfactory.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Stems underground, mostly unbranched distally, tuberous corms; leaves mostly withering by anthesis, blade turgid except at very thin base; petioles present; corollas widely open, petals ascending to spreading from near middle; California. |[[Dudleya subg. Hasseanthus|Dudleya subg. Hasseanthus]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Stems above ground, often branching, sometimes simple, caudices; leaves usually persistent, rarely withering in early summer, blade turgid ± throughout; petioles absent; corollas widely or barely open, petals erect, ascending, outcurved, or spreading from near middle; sw United States |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Corollas widely open, petals ascending, outcurved, or spreading from near middle; pistils well separated, usually not connivent, ascending to spreading in flower and in fruit; sw California. |[[Dudleya subg. Stylophyllum|Dudleya subg. Stylophyllum]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Corollas usually tubular or 5-gonal, barely open, petals erect to rarely ascending, sometimes tips outcurved; pistils connivent and erect in flower, sometimes not connivent and suberect, nearly erect or slightly ascending in fruit; sw United States. |[[Dudleya subg. Dudleya|Dudleya subg. Dudleya]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Dudleya |author=Reid V. Moran |authority=Britton & Rose |rank=genus |parent rank=family |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Crassulaceae |distribution=sw United States;nw Mexico |reference=None |publication title=New N. Amer. Crassul., |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_344.xml |genus=Dudleya |base architecture or shape=not spurred |blade position=laminar |blade shape=nearly laminar;terete |blade texture=fleshy |filament fusion=adnate |floral stem architecture=branched;simple |floral stem duration=annual |flower architecture=5-merous |flower orientation=erect;pendent |fruit orientation=erect;spreading |inflorescence architecture=2+-cincinnate |lateral branch reproduction=vegetative |leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate;subclasping |leaf arrangement=alternate;crowded |leaf condition=drying |leaf duration=persistent;persistent |leaf life cycle=withering |margin architecture or pubescence or shape=not ciliate |margin architecture or shape=entire |nectary disc architecture or shape=truncate |nectary disc width=wider than tall |ovary base shape=rounded |pedicel presence=absent |petal coloration=red;orange;red;orange;yellow;white |petal fusion=to middle;connate |petal orientation=spreading;erect |pistil fusion=distinct |pistil orientation=ascending;spreading |seed architecture or shape=cross-ribbed;ribbed |seed shape=ovoid |sepal fusion=connate |sepal height or length or size=shorter |sepal variability=alike |smaller leaf arrangement=scattered |stamen quantity=10 |stem architecture=2-branched;simple |stem orientation=erect |stem texture=fleshy |style height or length or size=shorter |tube shape=cylindric;5-gonal |whole_organism duration=perennial |whole_organism growth form=herb |whole_organism pubescence=glabrous |whole_organism reproduction=not viviparous |whole_organism some measurement=7dm;10dm |x chromosome quantity=17 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Crassulaceae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Crassulaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Dudleya.