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You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Ebenaceae |accepted_authority=Gürke |publications= |common_names=Ebony Family |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Ebenaceae |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ebenaceae]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 8 |mention_page=page 248, 249 |treatment_page=page 247 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;sap pubescence or texture"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, sap watery.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate [rarely opposite or whorled], simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade margin architecture or shape">blade margins entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="axillary flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary cymes [rarely racemes or panicles] or solitary flowers.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual, rarely bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium hypogynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="sepal atypical quantity;sepal atypical quantity;sepal quantity;sepal fusion">sepals [3–] 4–5 [–8], connate at least proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="petal atypical quantity;petal atypical quantity;petal quantity;petal fusion">petals [3–] 4–5 [–8], connate proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen size or quantity">staminate flowers: stamens [1–] 3–4 [–5] times as many as [rarely fewer than] petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;filament fusion;filament fusion">filaments inserted on corolla-tube (rarely on receptacle), distinct or connate in superposed pairs;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;anther dehiscence;subapical slit dehiscence or orientation">anthers dehiscent by longitudinal or subapical slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillodes often present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode presence">pistillate flowers: staminodes often present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil quantity;pistil architecture">pistils 1, [2–] 4–5 [–8] -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary superior [rarely inferior], [3–] 8 [–16] -locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;flower placentation">placentation apical-axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule orientation;ovule architecture;ovule architecture;nucellus quantity">ovules anatropous, bitegmic, tenuinucellate, nucellus scant;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;style atypical quantity;style atypical quantity;style quantity;style fusion;style architecture or shape">styles [1–] 4 (–5) [–8], variously connate [distinct], often bifid apically;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma atypical quantity;stigma atypical quantity;stigma quantity;stigma position">stigmas [1–] 4 (–5) [–8], apical.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruit architecture"><b>Fruits </b>usually baccate [rarely capsular, tardily dehiscent].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;abortion quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1–2 per locule or fewer by abortion, reddish or brown to black, ± oblong, usually bilaterally flattened;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="embryo course">embryo straight to slightly curved;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="endosperm texture;endosperm coating">endosperm hard (sometimes ruminate), oily.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=Widespread in tropical and warm-temperate regions |discussion=<p>Genera 2–6, species 450–500 (1 genus, 4 species in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Generic inclusions and circumscriptions have been exceptionally varied in Ebenaceae, considering the number of genera. At various times and by various specialists over the past century, seven genera have been ascribed to the family; the most at one time usually has been five. Of the proposed members of the family, pantropical Diospyros and African Euclea Linnaeus are always accepted and treated as distinct from each other. South American Lissocarpa Bentham, which differs from Diospyros in its corona, inferior ovary, and other features, usually has been separated in a monotypic Lissocarpaceae. Molecular evidence unequivocally places it as sister to Diospyros and Euclea (P. E. Berry et al. 2001), so the APG II classification includes it in Ebenaceae (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003); A. Cronquist (1981) and the original APG classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998) kept it separate. The other four genera recognized commonly, pantropical Maba J. R. Forster & G. Forster and mostly African and Madagascan Rhaphidanthe Hiern ex Gürke, Royena Linnaeus, and Tetraclis Hiern, are now recognized either as distinctive elements of Diospyros at subgeneric or sectional rank, or as genera, but not always under the same names.</p><!-- --><p>Only four species of a broadly circumscribed Diospyros (one representing the segregate Royena) and one each of Euclea (12 species) and Lissocarpa (four or five species) have been included in molecular phylogenetic studies. The relationship of the single species of Euclea to Diospyros is not yet resolved. Even if segregate genera were restored, the great majority of species in the family would still be retained in Diospyros in the narrow sense. None of the distinctive elements among the species of Diospyros is in the flora area, although D. texana was segregated by J. K. Small (1901) in his monotypic Brayodendron, a genus never taken up by any monographer of Diospyros or Ebenaceae. Many additional segregate genera were described and used locally without ever being accepted in the general literature of the family. A. Cronquist (1981) included Ebenaceae, along with Lissocarpaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, and Symplocaceae, in the traditional small order Ebenales; molecular studies (C. M. Morton et al. 1996; A. A. Anderberg et al. 2002; B. Bremer et al. 2002) show that these five families are nested separately or in pairs within an expanded Ericales. The closest relative of Ebenaceae (including Lissocarpa) is inconsistently determined among different studies, reflecting a general lack of resolution of family relationships within the Ericales.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Ebenaceae |author=James E. Eckenwalder |authority=Gürke |rank=family |parent rank= |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Ebenaceae |illustrator=Barbara Alongi |illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association |distribution=Widespread in tropical and warm-temperate regions |reference=None |publication title= |publication year= |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_510.xml |abortion quantity=fewer |androecium position=hypogynous |anther dehiscence=dehiscent |axillary flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |blade margin architecture or shape=entire |embryo course=straight;slightly curved |endosperm coating=oily |endosperm texture=hard |filament fusion=connate;distinct |flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate |flower placentation=apical-axile |flower reproduction=bisexual;unisexual |fruit architecture=baccate |leaf architecture=simple |leaf arrangement=alternate |nucellus quantity=scant |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=[3-]8[-16]-locular |ovary position=superior |ovule architecture=tenuinucellate;bitegmic |ovule orientation=anatropous |perianth position=hypogynous |petal atypical quantity=5;8 |petal fusion=connate |petal quantity=4;5 |petiole presence=absent |pistil architecture=[2-]4-5[-8]-carpellate |pistil quantity=1 |pistillode presence=absent |sap pubescence or texture=watery |seed coloration=brown;black |seed quantity=1;2 |seed shape=flattened;oblong |sepal atypical quantity=5;8 |sepal fusion=connate |sepal quantity=4;5 |stamen size or quantity=[1-]3-4[-5] times as many as petals |staminode presence=absent |stigma atypical quantity=4;5 |stigma position=apical |stigma quantity=4 |stipule presence=absent |style architecture or shape=bifid |style atypical quantity=4;5 |style fusion=connate |style quantity=4 |subapical slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal |whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]] Templates used on this page: Ebenaceae Illustrations (view source) Template:Ebenaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Return to Ebenaceae.