View source for Echinacea

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Echinacea
|accepted_authority=Moench
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Methodus,
|place=591. 1794
|year=1794
}}
|common_names=Purple coneflower
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae;Echinacea
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Echinacea]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin, echinus, sea urchin, alluding to spiny tips of receptacular paleae
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 43, 64, 65
|treatment_page=page 88
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism some measurement;whole-organism duration"><b>Perennials,</b> to 140 cm (caudices vertical or horizontal; plants usually taprooted, fibrous-rooted in E. purpurea).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, unbranched or ± branched (glabrous or hairy, hairs appressed, ascending, or spreading, uniseriate).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>basal and cauline;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture">petiolate (at least basal and proximal cauline, petioles progressively shorter distally);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades (1-nerved, 3-nerved, or 5-nerved) linear to lanceolate or elliptic to ovate (distal smaller), bases mostly attenuate (decurrent on petioles) to cuneate, sometimes rounded or cordate, margins usually entire, sometimes dentate or serrate, faces usually hairy (hairs uniseriate, usually with 1–4 rings of cells surrounding bases), sometimes glabrate or glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture or arrangement;head arrangement"><b>Heads </b>radiate, borne singly (on relatively long peduncles).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>crateriform to hemispheric, 12–40 mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllary duration;phyllary quantity;series quantity"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, 15–50 in 2–4 series (spreading, recurved, or reflexed, linear or lanceolate to ovate, subequal to unequal, mostly herbaceous, apices mostly attenuate, abaxial faces usually hairy, sometimes glabrate or glabrous).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>hemispheric to conic, paleate (paleae orange to reddish purple distally, surpassing disc corollas, bases partially surrounding cypselae, bodies keeled, apices abruptly constricted to awnlike tips; discs 10–45 × 15–40 mm).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture"><b>Ray-</b>florets 8–21, neuter;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration">corollas dark purple to pale-pink, white, or yellow (tubes glabrous or sparsely hairy, laminae spreading, reflexed, or drooping, linear to elliptic or obovate, abaxial faces glabrous or moderately hairy).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 200–300+, bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;tube height or length or size;lobe quantity;lobe shape">corollas pinkish, greenish, reddish purple, or yellow, tubes shorter than throats (often sparsely hairy), lobes 5 (erect or spreading to recurved), triangular (pollen usually yellow, usually white in E. pallida).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape"><b>Cypselae </b>(tan or bicolored with dark-brown band distally) 3-angled or 4-angled (faces smooth to finely tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely hairy);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="">pappi persistent, ± coroniform (with 0–4 ± prominent teeth).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pappus duration;pappus shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=e;c North America
|discussion=<p>Species 9 (9 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>In keys and descriptions, “discs” refers to receptacles at late flowering with paleae and florets included in assessing shapes and in measurements of lengths and diameters.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baskin1993a
|text=Baskin, J. M., K. M. Snyder, and C. C. Baskin. 1993. Nomenclatural history and taxonomic status of Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. tennesseensis (Asteraceae). Sida 15: 597–604.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=binns2002a
|text=Binns, S. E., B. R. Baum, and J. T. Arnason. 2002. A taxonomic revision of Echinacea (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Syst. Bot. 27: 610–632.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=foster1991a
|text=Foster, S. 1991. Echinacea: The Purple Coneflowers. Austin.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=schulthess1991a
|text=Schulthess, B. H., G. E. Giger, and T. W. Baumann. 1991. Echinacea—Anatomy, phytochemical pattern, and germination of the achene. Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 57: 384–388.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Basal leaves: blades (1–)5–12 cm wide, bases rounded to cordate (plants fibrous rooted)
|[[Echinacea purpurea|Echinacea purpurea]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Basal leaves: blades 0.5–4(–6.5) cm wide, bases usually cuneate to attenuate, sometimes rounded (E. laevigata) (plants taprooted)
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Herbage (stems and leaves) glabrate (and glaucous); basal leaf blades 3–6.5 cm wide, margins usually serrate or dentate
|[[Echinacea laevigata|Echinacea laevigata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Herbage usually sparsely to densely hairy, rarely glabrous; basal leaf blades 0.5–4 cm wide, margins usually entire
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Hairs (stems, leaves, and peduncles) appressed to ascending
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Hairs (stems, leaves, and peduncles) spreading
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Rays yellow; s, c Missouri, n Arkansas (Ozark region)
|[[Echinacea paradoxa|Echinacea paradoxa]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Rays pale pink, dark pink, purple, or white; Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ray laminae 19–35 mm; ray cypselae glabrous distally; e Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
|[[Echinacea atrorubens|Echinacea atrorubens]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Ray laminae 30–70 mm; ray cypselae hairy distally (at least on angles); s, c Oklahoma (Arbuckle Mountain region)
|[[Echinacea paradoxa|Echinacea paradoxa]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Ray laminae 15–40 mm
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Ray laminae 40–90 mm
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Discs 20–35 mm diam. (herbage induments relatively harsh); widespread, plains,w North America
|[[Echinacea angustifolia|Echinacea angustifolia]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Discs 15–25 mm diam. (herbage induments relatively soft); c Tennessee
|[[Echinacea tennesseensis|Echinacea tennesseensis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Discs subspheric, 15–30 × 20–30 mm; paleae 8–11 mm, tips purple, rounded (sw Arkansas, w Louisiana, se Oklahoma, e Texas)
|[[Echinacea sanguinea|Echinacea sanguinea]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Discs conic to hemispheric, 20–40 × 20–37 mm; paleae 9–14 mm, tips pinkish to purple, sharp-pointed
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Ray corollas pink to reddish purple, 3–4 mm wide; pollen usually white, sometimes lemon yellow; cypselae glabrous
|[[Echinacea pallida|Echinacea pallida]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Ray corollas rose to pink or white, 4–7 mm wide; pollen yellow; cypselae (rays) hairy (n Arkansas, se Missouri, eastward)
|[[Echinacea simulata|Echinacea simulata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Echinacea
|author=Lowell E. Urbatsch;Kurt M. Neubig;Patricia B. Cox
|authority=Moench
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=e;c North America
|reference=baskin1993a;binns2002a;foster1991a;schulthess1991a
|publication title=Methodus,
|publication year=1794
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V21_205.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae
|genus=Echinacea
|base shape=cordate;rounded;mostly attenuate;cuneate
|blade shape=linear;lanceolate or elliptic
|corolla coloration=yellow;reddish purple;yellow;reddish purple;greenish;pinkish;dark purple;pale-pink white or yellow
|cypsela shape=4-angled;3-angled
|disc-floret quantity=200;300
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=glabrous;glabrate;hairy
|head architecture or arrangement=radiate
|head arrangement=singly
|involucre diameter=12mm;40mm
|involucre shape=crateriform;hemispheric
|leaf architecture=petiolate
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=triangular
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;dentate;entire
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus shape=coroniform
|phyllary duration=persistent
|phyllary quantity=15;50
|ray-floret architecture=neuter
|ray-floret quantity=8;21
|receptacle architecture=paleate
|receptacle shape=hemispheric;conic
|series quantity=2;4
|stem architecture=branched;unbranched
|stem orientation=erect
|tube height or length or size=shorter
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole-organism some measurement=0cm;140cm
|x chromosome quantity=11
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]