View source for Empetrum ← Empetrum You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Empetrum |accepted_authority=Linnaeus |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Sp. Pl. |place=2: 1022. 1753 |year=1753 }}, {{Treatment/Publication |title=Gen. Pl. ed. |place=5, 447. 1754 , }} |common_names=Crowberry;camarine |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Ericaceae;Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae;Empetrum |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Ericaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Empetrum]]</div></div> |etymology=Greek en-, in, and petros, rock, alluding to habitat |volume=Volume 8 |mention_page=page 374, 375, 487, 489, 490 |treatment_page=page 486 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs.</b></span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem growth form or orientation;stem orientation"><b>Stems </b>prostrate, trailing, (densely branched, 0.5–1 m, woody);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="branchlet pubescence">branchlets glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy or glandular distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>persistent, whorled or spirally arranged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present, (very short);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade (lustrous or opaque, linear, oblong, or elliptic), coriaceous, margins entire, (strongly revolute, enclosing abaxial surface and forming waxy stomatal cavity appearing as groove, surfaces glabrous, glandular, or hairy).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>solitary flowers (borne on short-shoots from axils of distal leaves);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="perula presence">perulae absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>unisexual or bisexual (plants synoecious, sometimes polygamous, or dioecious), radially symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion">sepals 3, distinct, (oblong);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="petal quantity;corolla duration;corolla shape">petals 3, (white), corolla deciduous (hence reports of apetalous flowers), oblanceoloid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen position">stamens (2–) 4 (–6) (staminate flowers usually with 3 stamens), exserted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="anther dehiscence">anthers without awns, dehiscent from slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary 6–9-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="style position">style exserted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stigma architecture">stigma branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit shape;fruit texture;calyx texture"><b>Fruits </b>drupaceous, globose, fleshy, enclosed by nonfleshy calyx.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed architecture;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>6–9, ovoid, not winged, not tailed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="spicule size">testa smooth or with minute spicules.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="testa architecture or pubescence or relief;testa architecture or pubescence or relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 13.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=North America;s South America;n Eurasia;s Atlantic Islands;circumboreal;low arctic;alpine;bipolar |discussion=<p>Species 3–18 (3 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Comprehensive taxonomies of Empetrum are relatively few and none is recent (e.g., R. Good 1927; V. N. Vassiljev 1961). Empetrum in North America has been treated regionally, especially in northeastern North America, without consideration of the problems faced continent-wide, and without a unified taxonomy that addresses the variation elsewhere. In his circumpolar review, E. Hultén (1971) wrote of Empetrum: “A...complex, where different authors rarely, if ever, arrive at the same conclusion.” He remarked that the genus Empetrum could be considered to comprise a single, variable species. Vassiljev, on the other hand, proposed 18 species worldwide, ten for North America including Greenland.</p><!-- --><p>Empetrum is monophyletic (A. A. Anderberg 1994c; Li J. H. et al. 2002; M. Popp et al., unpubl.). Analyses of morphology (Anderberg) and molecular genetics (Li et al.; Popp et al.) have shown relationships to other closely related ericads, congeners, and to some extent within Empetrum. Using molecular methods, V. Mirré (2004) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and Popp et al. using plastid trnS–trnfM and trnS–trnG and nuclear RPB2 and RPC2 sequences have, in preliminary studies, evaluated relationships among taxa, but without finding sufficient structure to create a new taxonomy. However, these studies tell us that assumptions about key characters in the treatment by V. N. Vassiljev (1961), for example, are not well supported by molecular data, and we cannot, therefore, simply accept and repeat entirely what is in previous, albeit monographic, treatments.</p><!-- --><p>A. A. Anderberg (1994c) and V. Mirré (2004) found good separation of the red-fruited Southern Hemisphere plants (Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willdenow), although Li J. H. et al. (2002) and M. Popp et al. (unpubl.) did not. Nevertheless, we are treating E. rubrum as distinct from all North American taxa. Popp et al. did find that red-fruited, diploid E. eamesii was well separated from other taxa in the region, whereas, in terms of molecular genetics, the Southern Hemisphere red-fruited diploid E. rubrum has its closest connections in the Northern Hemisphere not to E. eamesii but to black-fruited Northern Hemisphere plants treated here as E. nigrum in the broad sense. The solution is to recognize the diploid E. eamesii, the diploid and tetraploid E. nigrum, and E. atropurpureum as a possible allotetraploid from diploid E. eamesii and a diploid E. nigrum. This leaves a great deal of variation within E. nigrum in the broad sense unaccounted for. Various hybrid combinations were alleged by D. Löve (1960); these require confirmation. For the most part, as there are exceptions, diploid taxa are normally dioecious and tetraploids are normally synoecious but sometimes polygamous.*</p><!-- --><p>* The authors kindly wish to acknowledge the unpublished information provided by John Maunder, Pierre Morrisett, and Peter Zika on the northeastern endemic taxa of Empetrum for the flora area.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Branches distally glabrous or sparsely tomentose, eglandular or glandular; drupes black. |[[Empetrum nigrum|Empetrum nigrum]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Branches distally white-tomentose, eglandular; drupes pink, red, reddish purple, or purple |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Drupes pink or red, translucent; flowers unisexual; plants dioecious. |[[Empetrum eamesii|Empetrum eamesii]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Drupes purple or reddish purple, opaque; flowers usually bisexual; plants synoecious; when flowers unisexual, plants polygamous. |[[Empetrum atropurpureum|Empetrum atropurpureum]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Empetrum |author=David F. Murray;Virginia Mirré;Reidar Elven |authority=Linnaeus |rank=genus |parent rank=subfamily |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Ericaceae |distribution=North America;s South America;n Eurasia;s Atlantic Islands;circumboreal;low arctic;alpine;bipolar |reference=None |publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed. |publication year=1753; |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V8/V8_951.xml |subfamily=Ericaceae subfam. Ericoideae |genus=Empetrum |anther dehiscence=dehiscent |blade texture=coriaceous |branchlet pubescence=glabrous or;sparsely densely hairy or glandular |calyx texture=nonfleshy |corolla duration=deciduous |corolla shape=oblanceoloid |flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |flower architecture or shape=symmetric |flower reproduction=bisexual;unisexual |fruit architecture=drupaceous |fruit shape=globose |fruit texture=fleshy |leaf arrangement=arranged;whorled |leaf duration=persistent |margin architecture or shape=entire |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=6-9-locular |perula presence=absent |petal quantity=3 |petiole presence=absent |seed architecture=not winged |seed quantity=6;9 |seed shape=not tailed;ovoid |sepal fusion=distinct |sepal quantity=3 |spicule size=minute |stamen atypical quantity=4;6 |stamen position=exserted |stamen quantity=4 |stem growth form or orientation=prostrate |stem orientation=trailing |stigma architecture=branched |style position=exserted |testa architecture or pubescence or relief=with minute spicules;smooth |whole_organism growth form=shrub |x chromosome quantity=13 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Ericaceae subfam. 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