View source for Encelia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Encelia
|accepted_authority=Adanson
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fam. Pl.
|place=2: 128. 1763
|year=1763
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Asteraceae;Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae;Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae;Encelia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Asteraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subtribe</small>[[Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Encelia]]</div></div>
|etymology=For Christoph Entzelt (Christophorus Enzelius), 1517–1583, German naturalist
|volume=Volume 21
|mention_page=page 65, 66, 119, 120
|treatment_page=page 118
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Perennials,</b> subshrubs, or shrubs (10–) 30–150 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture"><b>Stems </b>erect, usually branched from bases, often throughout (scapiform in E. nutans and E. scaposa).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position"><b>Leaves </b>usually cauline, sometimes basal (E. nutans and E. scaposa);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">alternate (usually drought-deciduous);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture">petiolate (obscurely in E. scaposa);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face relief;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence;face pubescence">blades (1-nerved or 3-nerved) mostly deltate, lanceolate, rhombic, or ovate (narrowly oblanceolate to linear in E. scaposa), bases broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire, rarely toothed, face glabrous or canescent, hirtellous, scabrellous, strigose, or tomentose, often glanddotted as well.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="head architecture;head architecture;head arrangement;head arrangement"><b>Heads </b>radiate or discoid, borne singly or in ± paniculiform arrays (peduncles usually longer than involucres).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre width;involucre diameter"><b>Involucres </b>± hemispheric or broader, 4–22 mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="phyllary duration;phyllary atypical quantity;phyllary quantity;series quantity"><b>Phyllaries </b>persistent, 18–30 (–50+) in 2–3+ series (subequal to unequal, outer shorter).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="receptacle shape;receptacle shape;receptacle architecture"><b>Receptacles </b>flat or convex, paleate (paleae ± conduplicate, folded around and falling with cypselae).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="ray-floret presence;ray-floret atypical quantity;ray-floret quantity;ray-floret architecture"><b>Ray-</b>florets 0 or 8–25 (–40), neuter;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="corolla coloration">corollas yellow.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="disc-floret atypical quantity;disc-floret quantity;disc-floret reproduction;disc-floret reproduction"><b>Disc-</b>florets 80–100 (–200+), bisexual, fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;tube height or length or size;throat variability;throat size;lobe quantity;lobe shape">corollas yellow or brown-purple, tubes shorter than to equaling abruptly expanded throats, lobes 5, triangular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="cypsela shape;cypsela shape"><b>Cypselae </b>strongly compressed, obovate to cuneate (margins ciliate, apices usually ± notched except in E. scaposa, faces usually glabrous except in E. scaposa);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="awn quantity;awn architecture">pappi usually 0, sometimes readily falling or persistent, of 2 bristlelike awns.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pappus presence;pappus life cycle;pappus duration;x chromosome quantity">x = 18.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=sw United States;Mexico;South America
|discussion=<p>Species 13 or 14 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Encelias commonly hybridize, especially in disturbed areas: Encelia farinosa × E. frutescens is common; E. farinosa × E. californica, E. farinosa × E. actoni, E. actoni × E. frutescens, E. frutescens × E. virginensis, and E. farinosa × Geraea canescens have been reported.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=clark1998a
|text=Clark, C. 1998. Phylogeny and adaptation in the Encelia alliance (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). Aliso 17: 89–98.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Perennials; leaves all or mostly basal
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Subshrubs or shrubs; leaves cauline
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Ray florets 20–40
|[[Encelia scaposa|Encelia scaposa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Ray florets 0 (heads nodding in fruit)
|[[Encelia nutans|Encelia nutans]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray florets 0
|[[Encelia frutescens|Encelia frutescens]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Ray florets 8–25
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Heads in paniculiform arrays; leaves tomentose to strigose
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Heads borne singly; leaves glabrous or canescent, scabrous, and/or strigose (not tomentose)
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves tomentose (branching among heads mainly distal; ray florets 11–21, corolla laminae 8–12 mm)
|[[Encelia farinosa|Encelia farinosa]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves tomentose to strigose (branching among heads mainly proximal; ray florets fewer and smaller)
|[[Encelia farinosa × E. frutescens (see Encelia farinosa)|Encelia farinosa × E. frutescens (see Encelia farinosa)]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves glabrous or glabrate; disc corollas brown (ray laminae lengths 1.5–2 times disc diams.)
|[[Encelia californica|Encelia californica]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves scabrous, strigose, and/or canescent; disc corollas yellow (ray laminae lengths 1–1.2 times disc diams.)
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves scabrous to strigose (not canescent)
|[[Encelia resinifera|Encelia resinifera]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaves canescent, sometimes strigose as well
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves sparsely canescent and strigose; rays 11–21, laminae 8–15 mm (relatively deeply toothed)
|[[Encelia virginensis|Encelia virginensis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves ± silvery-canescent (not strigose); rays 14–25, laminae 10–25 mm (relatively shallowly toothed)
|[[Encelia actoni|Encelia actoni]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Encelia
|author=Curtis Clark
|authority=Adanson
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subtribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Asteraceae
|distribution=sw United States;Mexico;South America
|reference=clark1998a
|publication title=Fam. Pl.
|publication year=1763
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V19-20-21/V21_289.xml
|tribe=Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae
|subtribe=Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae
|genus=Encelia
|awn architecture=bristlelike
|awn quantity=2
|base shape=cuneate
|blade shape=ovate;rhombic;ovate;rhombic;lanceolate;deltate
|corolla coloration=brown-purple;yellow;yellow
|cypsela shape=obovate;cuneate
|disc-floret atypical quantity=100;200
|disc-floret quantity=80;100
|disc-floret reproduction=fertile;bisexual
|face pubescence=tomentose;strigose;tomentose;strigose;hirtellous;canescent;glabrous
|face relief=scabrellous
|head architecture=discoid;radiate
|head arrangement=in more or less paniculiform arrays;singly
|involucre diameter=4mm;22mm
|involucre shape=hemispheric
|involucre width=broader
|leaf architecture=petiolate
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf position=basal;cauline
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=triangular
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin shape=toothed
|pappus duration=persistent
|pappus life cycle=falling
|pappus presence=absent
|phyllary atypical quantity=30;50
|phyllary duration=persistent
|phyllary quantity=18;30
|ray-floret architecture=neuter
|ray-floret atypical quantity=25;40
|ray-floret presence=absent
|ray-floret quantity=8;25
|receptacle architecture=paleate
|receptacle shape=convex;flat
|series quantity=2;3
|stem architecture=branched
|stem orientation=erect
|throat size=expanded
|throat variability=equaling
|tube height or length or size=shorter
|whole-organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism atypical some measurement=10cm;30cm
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;subshrub
|whole_organism some measurement=30cm;150cm
|x chromosome quantity=18
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae]]