View source for Equisetum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Equisetum
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1061. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 484, 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Horsetail;scouring rush;prêle
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Equisetaceae;Equisetum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Equisetaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Equisetum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin equis, horse, and seta, bristle, referring to the coarse black roots of E. fluviatile
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>perennial, rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem location;stem duration;stem duration"><b>Aerial </b>stems annual or perennial.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="center architecture;larger vallecular canal size;larger vallecular canal arrangement"><b>Stems </b>with hollow center and series of small carinal (under the ridges) and larger vallecular (under the valleys) canals.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="part fusion"><b>Leaves </b>in whorls, fused part of length into sheaths.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties=""><b>Stem </b>ridges traversing length of internode and continuing into sheaths, terminating in sheath teeth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties=""><b>Branches </b>when present borne at nodes, erupting through base of subtending sheath.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="cone position or structure subtype;stem coloration;reproductive stem coloration;sporophyll architecture"><b>Cones </b>terminal on green stems or, in some species, terminating special, reproductive, brown stems, composed of whorls of peltate sporophylls;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="cone apex shape;cone apex shape">cone apices rounded or sharply pointed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="sporangium quantity;sporangium orientation;sporangium fixation">sporangia 5–10 per sporophyll, pendent, attached to inner surface of sporophylls, elongate, dehiscing longitudinally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="sporophyll surface shape;sporophyll surface dehiscence;x chromosome quantity">x =108.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide
|discussion=<p>Equisetum occurs in moist places such as riverbanks, lakeshores, roadsides, ditches, seepage areas, meadows, marshes, and wet woodlands. Aerial stems of Equisetum vary considerably in habit and appearance, even on individual plants, because of environmentally induced modifications affecting height and branching. Many taxonomically trivial varieties and forms have been named. For an extended discussion of this, see R.L. Hauke (1966). Four widespread, named hybrids are treated in the key and fully described below.</p><!--
--><p>In species descriptions and in the key, length and width are given for the leaf sheath, excluding the free teeth. If the length and width of flattened sheaths are approximately equal and the sides are straight, the sheath is more or less square in face view, i.e., about as long as broad; if the length is greater than the width and the sides are straight, the sheath is more or less elongate in face view, i.e., longer than broad; if the length is greater than the width and the sides are slightly convex, the sheath is elliptic in face view. Stomates are usually visible at 20× magnification.</p><!--
--><p>Reticulation in Equisetum is summarized in the reticulograms, which show the known and expected hybrids in North America. Most of those in Equisetum subg. Equisetum are still unknown in North America, but they should be sought, especially north of 45° N latitude. According to W.J. Cody and D.M. Britton (1989), E. × font-queri occurs rarely in British Columbia and materials possibly representing E. × arcticum Rothmaler have been taken in the Richardson Mountain region of Mackenzie. R.L. Hauke (1978) cited collections of E. × font-queri from British Columbia and California.</p><!--
--><p>Species 15 (11 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=hauke1966a
|text=Hauke, R.L. 1966. A systematic study of Equisetum arvense. Nova Hedwigia 13: 81--109.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hauke1979a
|text=Hauke, R.L. 1979. Equisetum ramosissimum in North America. Amer. Fern J. 69: 1--5.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Aerial stems persisting only 1 year or less, usually with regular whorls of branches; stomates on surface, scattered or in bands; cone apex rounded.
|[[Equisetum subg. Equisetum|Subg. Equisetum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Aerial stems persisting more than a year (except some Equisetum laevigatum), usually unbranched; stomates sunken, in single lines; cone apex pointed (except some E. laevigatum).
|[[Equisetum subg. Hippochaete|Subg. Hippochaete]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Aerial stems unbranched.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Aerial stems branched with regular whorls of branches.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Aerial stems green.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Aerial stems not green.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sheaths square in face view; teeth more than 11 per sheath, often black throughout or with narrow white margins, 2–3 mm.
|[[Equisetum fluviatile|Equisetum fluviatile]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sheaths elongate in face view; teeth fewer than 11 per sheath, with prominent white margins and dark centers, 2–5 mm.
|[[Equisetum palustre|Equisetum palustre]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sheath teeth reddish, papery, coherent into 3–4 large groups.
|[[Equisetum sylvaticum|Equisetum sylvaticum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sheath teeth black or brown, firm, separate or coherent in more than 4 small groups.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Aerial stems with stomates, persistent, becoming green and branched.
|[[Equisetum pratense|Equisetum pratense]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Aerial stems lacking stomates, dying back after spores are shed.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sheath teeth more than 14.
|[[Equisetum telmateia|Equisetum telmateia]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sheath teeth fewer than 14.
|[[Equisetum arvense|Equisetum arvense]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|First internode of each branch shorter than subtending stem sheath; branch valleys rounded.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|First internode of each branch equal to or longer than subtending stem sheath; branch valleys channeled.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Branches solid, branch ridges furrowed.
|[[Equisetum telmateia|Equisetum telmateia]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Branches hollow, branch ridges rounded.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sheaths square in face view; teeth more than 11 per sheath, dark, occasionally with narrow white margins, 2–3 mm.
|[[Equisetum fluviatile|Equisetum fluviatile]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sheaths elongate in face view; teeth fewer than 11 per sheath, with prominent white margins and dark centers, 2–5 mm.
|[[Equisetum palustre|Equisetum palustre]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Aerial stem sheath teeth reddish, papery, coherent in 3–4 large groups; stem branches also branched.
|[[Equisetum sylvaticum|Equisetum sylvaticum]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Aerial stem sheath teeth dark, firm, separate or coherent in more than 4 small groups; stem branches unbranched.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Branch sheath teeth deltate; branches spreading.
|[[Equisetum pratense|Equisetum pratense]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Branch sheath teeth attenuate; branches ascending.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Lowest whorls of branches with 1st internode longer than sheath; spores green, spheric.
|[[Equisetum arvense|Equisetum arvense]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Lowest whorls of branches with 1st internode nearly equal to sheath; spores white, misshapen.
|[[Equisetum ×litorale|Equisetum ×litorale]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Aerial stems regularly branched; stomatal lines occasionally doubled.
|[[Equisetum ramosissimum|Equisetum ramosissimum]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Aerial stems unbranched or with scattered branches; stomatal lines always single.
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Cone apex rounded; aerial stems annual.
|[[Equisetum laevigatum|Equisetum laevigatum]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Cone apex pointed; aerial stems perennial (at least persisting over winter in California populations of E. laevigatum).
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Spores white, misshapen.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Spores green, spheric.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Sheaths green; teeth persistent.
|[[Equisetum ×nelsonii|Equisetum ×nelsonii]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Sheaths dark-girdled; teeth persistent or shed.
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Teeth 14 or fewer per sheath, persistent.
|[[Equisetum ×mackaii|Equisetum ×mackaii]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Teeth more than 14 per sheath, usually shed.
|[[Equisetum ×ferrissii|Equisetum ×ferrissii]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Sheaths dark-girdled at most nodes of stem; teeth 14 or more per sheath, usually shed; articulation line visible.
|[[Equisetum hyemale|Equisetum hyemale]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Sheaths green or obscurely girdled at nodes near base of stem; teeth 32 or fewer per sheath, usually persistent, shed in some species; articulation line lacking.
|[[#key-0-20| > 20]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Teeth 3–32 per sheath; stem ridges same number as teeth; aerial stems erect and straight.
|[[#key-0-21| > 21]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Teeth 3 per sheath; stem ridges 6; aerial stems inclined and tortuous.
|[[Equisetum scirpoides|Equisetum scirpoides]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Sheath teeth usually shed; cone apex rounded to apiculate with blunt tip; stem ridges flattened or convex.
|[[Equisetum laevigatum|Equisetum laevigatum]]
|-id=key-0-21
|21
|Sheath teeth usually persistent throughout; cone apex sharply apiculate; stem ridges minutely grooved.
|[[Equisetum variegatum|Equisetum variegatum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Equisetum
|author=Richard L. Hauke
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Equisetaceae
|distribution=Nearly worldwide
|reference=hauke1966a;hauke1979a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V2/V2_678.xml
|genus=Equisetum
|center architecture=hollow
|cone apex shape=pointed;rounded
|cone position or structure subtype=terminal
|larger vallecular canal arrangement=carinal
|larger vallecular canal size=small
|part fusion=fused
|reproductive stem coloration=brown
|sporangium fixation=attached
|sporangium orientation=pendent
|sporangium quantity=5;10
|sporophyll architecture=peltate
|sporophyll surface dehiscence=dehiscing
|sporophyll surface shape=elongate
|stem coloration=green
|stem duration=perennial;annual
|stem location=aerial
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|x chromosome quantity=108
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Equisetaceae]]