View source for Euonymus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Euonymus
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 197. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Celastraceae;Euonymus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Celastraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Euonymus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek eu-, good, and onyma, name, apparently applied ironically, the genus having had the bad reputation of poisoning cattle
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 112, 119
|treatment_page=page 122
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs,</b> trees, or vines, climbing by adventitious-roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="branchlet shape;branchlet shape"><b>Branchlets </b>terete or 4-angled.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous or persistent, opposite;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="">blade margins entire or toothed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin architecture or shape">venation pinnate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal or axillary, cymes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, radially symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium hypogynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="hypanthium presence">hypanthium absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion">sepals 4–5, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals 4–5, white, green, yellow, red, or purple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="nectary position;nectary shape;nectary texture">nectary intrastaminal, annular, fleshy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion">stamens 4–5, adnate to nectary margin;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="staminode presence">staminodes 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil 4–5-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary superior, 4–5-locular, placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style quantity">style 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="stigma quantity">stigma 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules 2 per locule.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruits capsule architecture or structure in adjective form;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;fruits capsule shape;apex architecture or shape"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, (1–) 2–5-locular, globose, subglobose, or obovoid, unlobed or 2–5-lobed, apex not beaked.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed architecture"><b>Seeds </b>2 per locule, ellipsoid, ovoid, or subglobose, not winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="aril coloration;aril coloration;aril coloration;aril coloration;aril coloration">aril yellow, orange, or red, completely surrounding seed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="seed position relational;x chromosome quantity">x = 16.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;Europe;e;se Asia;Africa;tropics and subtropics
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 140 (7 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Several cultivated species of Euonymus, all native to eastern Asia, are established locally in the flora area and, although apparently not naturalized, should be watched for invasive tendencies. Two of these, E. hamiltonianus Wallich, reported from Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, and E. maackii Ruprecht (= E. bungeanus Maximowicz), reported from Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, and South Carolina, are similar to each other and to E. europaeus, from which they both differ by having purple (versus white) anthers. In addition, E. hamiltonianus can be distinguished by its red (versus orange or yellow) arils, and E. maackii by its leaf blades with smooth (versus rough) surfaces. Euonymus japonicus Thunberg, reported from Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, is similar to E. fortunei but is a shrub with erect stems that never produce adventitious roots. Euonymus phellomanus Loesener, reported from Connecticut and Massachusetts, has corky winged branches like E. alatus, but has larger leaves (6–10 × 2–3 cm) and yellow-brown to red-brown, four-angled capsules.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=blakelock1951a
|text=Blakelock, R. A. 1951. A synopsis of the genus Euonymus L. Kew Bull. 6: 210–290.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ma2001a
|text=Ma, J. S. 2001. A revision of Euonymus (Celastraceae). Thaiszia 11: 1–264.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Vines, climbing by adventitious roots; leaves persistent.
|[[Euonymus fortunei|Euonymus fortunei]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Shrubs or trees, creeping, arching, or erect; leaves deciduous.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Young branches becoming corky winged; capsules deeply lobed to base or only 1 lobe developing, lobes nearly distinct.
|[[Euonymus alatus|Euonymus alatus]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Young branches not corky winged; capsules unlobed to deeply lobed, rarely only 1 lobe developing, lobes clearly connate.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals, petals, and stamens 4; young branches terete.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petals dark purple, 1.5–2 mm; inflorescences 7–20-flowered; capsules 11–13 × 15–17 mm; seeds 5–7 mm, aril red.
|[[Euonymus atropurpureus|Euonymus atropurpureus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petals yellow or white, 3–4 mm; inflorescences 1–7(–15)-flowered; capsules 8–10 × 12–15 mm; seeds 7–8 mm, aril yellow or orange.
|[[Euonymus europaeus|Euonymus europaeus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; young branches 4-angled.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Capsules smooth, moderately 3(–5) lobed; petals brownish purple, 3–6.5 mm; seeds 6–8 mm.
|[[Euonymus occidentalis|Euonymus occidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Capsules spiny, unlobed or very shallowly 4–5-lobed; petals pale green, often suffused with purple, 2–3 mm; seeds 4.5–5.5 mm.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stems erect or arching, not rooting at nodes; petioles 1–3 mm; leaf blades oval to lanceolate.
|[[Euonymus americanus|Euonymus americanus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Stems creeping, rooting at nodes; petioles 3–5 mm; leaf blades obovate.
|[[Euonymus obovatus|Euonymus obovatus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Euonymus
|author=Jinshuang Ma;Geoffrey A. Levin
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Celastraceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;Europe;e;se Asia;Africa;tropics and subtropics
|reference=blakelock1951a;ma2001a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_79.xml
|genus=Euonymus
|androecium position=hypogynous
|apex architecture or shape=not beaked
|aril coloration=red;orange;red;orange;yellow
|blade margin architecture or shape=pinnate
|blade margin shape=toothed;entire
|branchlet shape=4-angled;terete
|flower architecture or shape=symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule architecture or structure in adjective form=(1-)2-5-locular
|fruits capsule shape=2-5-lobed;unlobed;obovoid;subglobose;2-5-lobed;unlobed;obovoid;subglobose;2-5-lobed;unlobed;obovoid;subglobose;globose
|hypanthium presence=absent
|inflorescence position=axillary;terminal
|leaf arrangement=opposite
|leaf duration=persistent;deciduous
|nectary position=intrastaminal
|nectary shape=annular
|nectary texture=fleshy
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=4-5-locular
|ovary placentation=axile
|ovary position=superior
|ovule quantity=2
|perianth position=hypogynous
|petal coloration=purple;red;purple;red;yellow;green;white
|petal quantity=4;5
|petiole presence=absent
|pistil architecture=4-5-carpellate
|seed architecture=not winged
|seed position relational=surrounding
|seed quantity=2
|seed shape=subglobose;ovoid;subglobose;ovoid;ellipsoid
|sepal fusion=distinct
|sepal quantity=4;5
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=4;5
|staminode presence=absent
|stigma quantity=1
|stipule presence=absent
|style quantity=1
|whole_organism growth form=vine;tree;climbing;shrub
|x chromosome quantity=16
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Celastraceae]]