View source for Euphorbia terracina

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Euphorbia terracina
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl. ed.
|place=2, 1: 654. 1762
|year=1762
}}
|common_names=Terracina or carnation spurge
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=W
|label=Weedy
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Tithymalus terracinus
|authority=(Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Euphorbiaceae;Euphorbia;Euphorbia subg. Esula;Euphorbia terracina
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Euphorbiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Euphorbia]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subgenus</small>[[Euphorbia subg. Esula]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Euphorbia terracina]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 296
|treatment_page=page 310
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial or biennial, with taproot.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem some measurement;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, unbranched or branched, 10–100 cm, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="petiole presence"><b>Leaves:</b> petiole absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade length;blade width;base shape;base architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;surface pubescence">blade linear, linear-lanceolate, oblongelliptic, or obovate, 4–50 × 2–10 mm, base obtuse or truncate, margins finely serrulate, apex acute, obtuse, or truncate, sometimes mucronulate, surfaces glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf prominence;midvein prominence">venation inconspicuous, only midvein prominent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="whole-organism arrangement;terminal branch architecture;terminal branch quantity;terminal branch architecture"><b>Cyathial </b>arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 2–5, each 1–5 times 2-branched;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="whole-organism arrangement;bract architecture;bract shape;bract shape;bract shape;distal leaf character">pleiochasial bracts lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, similar in size to distal leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="whole-organism arrangement;bract architecture;bract fusion;bract shape;base shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape">dichasial bracts distinct, ovate to subreniform, base cuneate to cordate, margins finely serrulate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded, sometimes mucronulate or cuspidate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="whole-organism arrangement;axillary branch architecture;axillary branch quantity">axillary cymose branches 0–7.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="peduncle some measurement"><b>Cyathia:</b> peduncle 1–3 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="involucre shape;involucre length;involucre width;involucre pubescence;involucre pubescence"><b>Involucre </b>cupulate to slightly turbinate, 1.1–2 × 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous or puberulent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="gland quantity;gland shape;gland length;gland width">glands 4, elliptic to trapezoidal, 0.6–0.8 × 1–2 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="horn arrangement;horn some measurement">horns slightly convergent to divergent, 1–2 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;flower quantity"><b>Staminate </b>flowers 15–20.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary pubescence"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: ovary glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;style some measurement;style shape">styles 1–1.8 mm, 2-fid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="capsule shape;capsule length;capsule width;capsule shape"><b>Capsules </b>depressed-globose, 2.5–3 × 3–4.5 mm, deeply 3-lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="cocci shape;cocci architecture or pubescence or relief;cocci pubescence">cocci rounded to subangular, smooth, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="columella some measurement">columella 1.9–2.3 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed coloration;seed shape;seed length;seed width;seed architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Seeds </b>pale gray, subovoid, 1.6–2.4 × 1.3–1.8 mm, smooth;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="caruncle shape;caruncle length;caruncle width">caruncle boatshaped, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.6 mm.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering and fruiting spring–summer.
|habitat=Edges of cultivated fields and woodlands, roadsides, waste areas, pastures, coastal bluffs, dunes, riparian areas.
|elevation=0–300 m.
|distribution=Calif.;Europe;also in Mexico;s Africa;Australia
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Euphorbia terracina is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. This species is invasive and spreading rapidly, displacing native coastal scrub in southern California, and has been listed as a noxious weed by that state.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Euphorbia terracina
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|parent rank=subgenus
|synonyms=Tithymalus terracinus
|basionyms=
|family=Euphorbiaceae
|phenology=Flowering and fruiting spring–summer.
|habitat=Edges of cultivated fields and woodlands, roadsides, waste areas, pastures, coastal bluffs, dunes, riparian areas.
|elevation=0–300 m.
|distribution=Calif.;Europe;also in Mexico;s Africa;Australia
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1762
|special status=Weedy;Introduced
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_1087.xml
|genus=Euphorbia
|subgenus=Euphorbia subg. Esula
|species=Euphorbia terracina
|apex shape=cuspidate;mucronulate;rounded;obtuse;rounded;obtuse;acute;mucronulate;truncate;obtuse;truncate;obtuse;acute
|axillary branch architecture=cymose
|axillary branch quantity=0;7
|base architecture or shape=truncate
|base shape=cuneate;cordate
|blade length=4mm;50mm
|blade shape=obovate;oblongelliptic;obovate;oblongelliptic;linear-lanceolate;linear
|blade width=2mm;10mm
|bract architecture=dichasial;pleiochasial
|bract fusion=distinct
|bract shape=ovate;subreniform
|capsule length=2.5mm;3mm
|capsule shape=3-lobed;depressed-globose
|capsule width=3mm;4.5mm
|caruncle length=0.4mm;0.6mm
|caruncle shape=boat-shaped
|caruncle width=0.4mm;0.6mm
|cocci architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|cocci pubescence=glabrous
|cocci shape=rounded;subangular
|columella some measurement=1.9mm;2.3mm
|distal leaf character=size
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;staminate
|flower quantity=15;20
|gland length=0.6mm;0.8mm
|gland quantity=4
|gland shape=elliptic;trapezoidal
|gland width=1mm;2mm
|horn arrangement=slightly convergent;divergent
|horn some measurement=1mm;2mm
|involucre length=1.1mm;2mm
|involucre pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|involucre shape=cupulate;slightly turbinate
|involucre width=1.3mm;1.5mm
|leaf prominence=inconspicuous
|margin architecture or shape=serrulate;serrulate
|midvein prominence=prominent
|ovary pubescence=glabrous
|peduncle some measurement=1mm;3mm
|petiole presence=absent
|seed architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|seed coloration=pale gray
|seed length=1.6mm;2.4mm
|seed shape=subovoid
|seed width=1.3mm;1.8mm
|stem architecture=branched;unbranched
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stem some measurement=10cm;100cm
|style shape=2-fid
|style some measurement=1mm;1.8mm
|surface pubescence=glabrous
|terminal branch architecture=1-5 times 2-branched;pleiochasial
|terminal branch quantity=2;5
|whole-organism arrangement=cyathial;cyathial;cyathial;cyathial
|whole_organism duration=biennial;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
}}<!--

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