View source for Fagopyrum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Fagopyrum
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 1. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Buckwheat;sarrasin
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae;Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae;Fagopyrum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Fagopyrum]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin fagus, beech, and Greek pyrus, wheat, alluding to resemblance of the achene to a beech-nut
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 216, 217, 218, 479, 480
|treatment_page=page 572
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">taprooted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect or ascending, glabrous or puberulent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;cauline leaf arrangement;cauline leaf architecture;cauline leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous, cauline, alternate, petiolate (proximal leaves) or sessile (distal leaves);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="ocreum duration;ocreum duration;ocreum pubescence or texture">ocrea persistent or deciduous, chartaceous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole base architecture">petiole base articulated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin shape">blade cordate, triangular, hastate, or sagittate, margins entire to sinuate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, or terminal and axillary, racemelike or paniclelike, pedunculate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower architecture;plant quantity;base shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or, rarely, bisexual and staminate on same plant, 2–6 per ocreate fascicle, heterostylous or homostylous, base stipelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="perianth size;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth coloration;perianth shape;perianth pubescence">perianth nonaccrescent, white, pale-pink, or green, broadly campanulate, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal architecture;tepal growth form;outer tepal size">tepals 5, distinct, petaloid, dimorphic, outer smaller than inner;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 8;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="filament fusion;filament fusion;filament pubescence">filaments distinct, free, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther shape">anthers white, pink, or red, oval to elliptic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style quantity;style orientation;style fusion">styles 3, reflexed, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma architecture or shape">stigmas capitate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="achene position;achene coloration;achene coloration;achene architecture;achene architecture;achene shape;achene pubescence"><b>Achenes </b>strongly exserted, brown to dark-brown or gray, sometimes mottled black, unwinged or essentially so, bluntly to sharply 3-gonous, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Seeds:</b> embryo folded.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="embryo architecture or shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Eurasia;e Africa;elsewhere;cultivated in temperate regions worldwide
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species 16 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum are cultivated widely. In North America, they often escape, but populations generally are ephemeral.</p><!--
--><p>Archaeological evidence for the cultivation of buckwheat dates to 4600 bp in China and 3500 bp in Japan (O. Ohnishi 1998). Molecular studies indicate that Fagopyrum comprises two major clades, with F. esculentum and F. tataricum in the large-fruited “cymosum” group (O. Ohnishi and Y. Matsuoka 1996; Y. Yasui and O. Ohnishi 1998, 1998b; O. Ohsako and O. Ohnishi 2000).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=ohnishi1996a
|text=Ohnishi, O. and Y. Matsuoka. 1996. Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat II. Taxonomy of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on morphology, isozymes and cpDNA variability. Genes Genet. Systems 71: 383–390.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ohnishi1998a
|text=Ohnishi, O. 1998. Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of Tartary buckwheat. Econ. Bot. 52: 123–133.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ohsako2000a
|text=Ohsako, T. and O. Ohnishi. 2000. Intra- and interspecific phylogeny of wild Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on nucleotide sequences of noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 573–582.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=yasui1998a
|text=Yasui, Y. and O. Ohnishi. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships among Fagopyrum species revealed by the nucleotide sequences of the ITS region of the nuclear rRNA gene. Genes Genet. Systems 73: 201–210.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=yasui1998b
|text=Yasui, Y. and O. Ohnishi. 1998b. Interspecific relationships in Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) revealed by the nucleotide sequences of the rbcL and accD genes and their intergenic region. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1134–1142.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Achene faces smooth, angles smooth; tepals (2.5-)3-5 mm; perianths, creamy white topale pink; inflorescences paniclelike, 1-4 cm, terminal and axillary
|[[Fagopyrum esculentum|Fagopyrum esculentum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Achene faces irregularly rugose, angles often sinuate-dentate; tepals 1.5-3 mm; perianths,green with whitish margins; inflorescences racemelike, 2-10 cm, axillary
|[[Fagopyrum tataricum|Fagopyrum tataricum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Fagopyrum
|author=Harold R. Hinds†;Craig C. Freeman
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Polygonaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Eurasia;e Africa;elsewhere;cultivated in temperate regions worldwide
|introduced=true
|reference=ohnishi1996a;ohnishi1998a;ohsako2000a;yasui1998a;yasui1998b
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_1172.xml
|subfamily=Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae
|genus=Fagopyrum
|achene architecture=essentially;unwinged
|achene coloration=mottled black;brown;dark-brown or gray
|achene position=exserted
|achene pubescence=glabrous
|achene shape=3-gonous
|anther coloration=red;pink;red;pink;white
|anther shape=oval;elliptic
|base shape=stipelike
|blade shape=sagittate;hastate;sagittate;hastate;triangular;cordate
|cauline leaf architecture=sessile;petiolate
|cauline leaf arrangement=alternate
|embryo architecture or shape=folded
|filament fusion=free;distinct
|filament pubescence=glabrous
|flower architecture=homostylous;heterostylous;staminate
|flower reproduction=bisexual;,;bisexual
|inflorescence architecture=pedunculate
|inflorescence position=axillary;terminal;axillary;terminal;axillary
|inflorescence shape=paniclelike;racemelike
|leaf duration=deciduous
|margin shape=entire;sinuate
|ocreum duration=deciduous;persistent
|ocreum pubescence or texture=chartaceous
|outer tepal size=smaller
|pedicel presence=absent
|perianth coloration=green;pale-pink;green;pale-pink;white
|perianth pubescence=glabrous
|perianth shape=campanulate
|perianth size=nonaccrescent
|petiole base architecture=articulated
|plant quantity=2;6
|stamen quantity=8
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem pubescence=puberulent;glabrous
|stigma architecture or shape=capitate
|style fusion=distinct
|style orientation=reflexed
|style quantity=3
|tepal architecture=petaloid
|tepal fusion=distinct
|tepal growth form=dimorphic
|tepal quantity=5
|whole_organism architecture=taprooted
|whole_organism duration=annual
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=8
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]