View source for Frangula

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Frangula
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 1. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Buckthorn
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Rhamnus sect. Frangula
|authority=(Miller) de Candolle
|rank=section
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Rhamnus subg. Frangula
|authority=(Miller) Gray
|rank=subgenus
}}
|hierarchy=Rhamnaceae;Frangula
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rhamnaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Frangula]]</div></div>
|etymology=Probably from Latin frango, to break, and -ula, diminutive, alluding to brittleness of twigs
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 44
|treatment_page=page 52
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, unarmed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="bud-scale presence;bud pubescence">bud-scales absent, buds hairy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture or arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>usually deciduous, sometimes persistent, alternate [rarely opposite], rarely fascicled on short-shoots;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="">blade not gland-dotted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade coloration;blade architecture;secondary-vein course;secondary-vein arrangement">pinnately veined, secondary-veins nearly straight, parallel.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position;umbel arrangement;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, within foliage, umbels or fascicles, or flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="peduncle texture;pedicel texture">peduncles and pedicels not fleshy in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="hypanthium shape;hypanthium width;hypanthium dehiscence;hypanthium dehiscence">hypanthium cupshaped, 1–3 mm wide, usually circumscissile far below sepal bases, rarely not circumscissile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal orientation;sepal coloration;sepal shape;sepal texture;sepal shape">sepals (rarely 4–) 5, usually ± erect, sometimes spreading, yellowish to green or white, ovate-triangular, fleshy, keeled adaxially;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal architecture;petal shape;petal shape">petals (rarely 4–) 5, yellowish, hooded, broadly obovate to obcordate, clawed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="nectary width">nectary thin, lining hypanthium;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens (rarely 4–) 5;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary superior, (2–) 3-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="style quantity">style 1.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>drupes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stone atypical quantity;stone quantity;stone dehiscence;stone architecture">stones 2–3 (–4), indehiscent but open at base.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="beak pubescence or texture;beak prominence"><b>Seeds </b>obovoid to lenticular, with cartilaginous beak protruding through opening in stone, not furrowed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed shape;seed architecture;x chromosome quantity">x = 20–26.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Europe;e Asia;n Africa
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 50 (7 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The difference between Frangula and Rhamnus has long been recognized, but treatments in taxonomic rank have been inconsistent. Frangula was treated within Rhamnus by M. C. Johnston and L. A. Johnston (1978), who noted that Frangula and Rhamnus are more closely related to each other than to other taxa. This observation has been corroborated by molecular studies that show them as sister taxa (J. E. Richardson et al. 2000; K. Bolmgren and B. Oxelman 2004). Frangula was also included within Rhamnus by D. Medan and C. Schirarend (2004) and by Chen Y. L. and C. Schirarend (2007), but various other recent treatments, as here, have maintained them as separate genera, emphasizing the differences outlined above in couplet 13 of the key to genera.</p><!--
--><p>The key to species emphasizes geography as a primary character, reflecting the close similarities among the species and allowing morphological contrasts between sympatric taxa.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves persistent, semideciduous, or deciduous, blades distinctly coriaceous.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves persistent; drupes 10–15 mm.
|[[Frangula californica|Frangula californica]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves semideciduous or deciduous; drupes 5–10 mm.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades glaucous adaxially when fresh; Plumas County, California.
|[[Frangula purshiana|Frangula purshiana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades not glaucous adaxially; Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah.
|[[Frangula obovata|Frangula obovata]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves deciduous, blades herbaceous to subcoriaceous.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Eastern North America, as far west as Manitoba, Nebraska, and central Texas.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescences umbels, pedunculate; drupes 8–10 mm; leaf blades oblong to elliptic or obovate-elliptic, margins serrulate to crenulate to nearly entire; drupe stones 3.
|[[Frangula caroliniana|Frangula caroliniana]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescences fascicles, sessile; drupes 6–8 mm; leaf blades broadly elliptic-obovate to broadly elliptic or broadly oblong, margins entire; drupe stones 2(–3).
|[[Frangula alnus|Frangula alnus]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Western North America, as far east as Colorado, New Mexico, trans-Pecos Texas, and Wyoming.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Inflorescences fascicles, sessile.
|[[Frangula alnus|Frangula alnus]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Inflorescences umbels, pedunculate.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, w Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades 1.5–8.5 cm; drupe stones 2(–3); inflorescences (2–)4–15-flowered; California, Nevada, Oregon.
|[[Frangula rubra|Frangula rubra]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf blades 6–15 cm; drupes stones 3; inflorescences 10–25-flowered; British Columbia; California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
|[[Frangula purshiana|Frangula purshiana]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Arizona, Colorado, s Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades elliptic to oblong, elliptic-ovate, or narrowly ovate, 1.6–2.6(–2.9) times longer than wide, ± herbaceous, secondary veins (8–)9–13 pairs; se Arizona, New Mexico, Texas.
|[[Frangula betulifolia|Frangula betulifolia]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Leaf blades obovate to oblong-obovate or oblong, 1.2–1.8(–2.5) times longer than wide, subcoriaceous, secondary veins (5–)6–8(–9) pairs; n Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah.
|[[Frangula obovata|Frangula obovata]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Frangula
|author=John O. Sawyer†;Guy L. Nesom
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Rhamnus sect. Frangula;Rhamnus subg. Frangula
|basionyms=
|family=Rhamnaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Europe;e Asia;n Africa
|reference=None
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_897.xml
|genus=Frangula
|beak prominence=protruding
|beak pubescence or texture=cartilaginous
|blade architecture=veined
|blade coloration=not gland-dotted
|bud pubescence=hairy
|bud-scale presence=absent
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|hypanthium dehiscence=circumscissile;circumscissile
|hypanthium shape=cup-shaped
|hypanthium width=1mm;3mm
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf architecture or arrangement=fascicled
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=persistent;deciduous
|nectary width=thin
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=(2-)3-locular
|ovary position=superior
|pedicel presence=absent
|pedicel texture=not fleshy
|peduncle texture=not fleshy
|petal architecture=hooded
|petal coloration=yellowish
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=clawed;broadly obovate;obcordate
|secondary-vein arrangement=parallel
|secondary-vein course=straight
|seed architecture=not furrowed
|seed shape=obovoid;lenticular
|sepal coloration=yellowish;green or white
|sepal orientation=spreading;erect
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=keeled;ovate-triangular
|sepal texture=fleshy
|stamen quantity=5
|stone architecture=open
|stone atypical quantity=3;4
|stone dehiscence=indehiscent
|stone quantity=2;3
|style quantity=1
|umbel arrangement=fascicles
|whole_organism architecture=unarmed;unarmed
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub
|x chromosome quantity=20;26
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rhamnaceae]]