View source for Funaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Funaria
|accepted_authority=Hedwig
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|place=172. 1801 ,
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Funariaceae;Funaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Funariaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Funaria]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin funis, rope, alluding to cord-like twisted seta
|volume=Volume 27
|mention_page=page 10, 11, 12, 13, 181, 189, 192, 193, 203
|treatment_page=page 188
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism size;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism arrangement or pubescence;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>small to medium-sized, gregarious or tufted, bright green to yellowish green.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem height or length or size;stem orientation;stem architecture;basal antheridial height or length or size;basal branch height or length or size"><b>Stems </b>short, erect, simple except for a short basal antheridial branch.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties=""><b>Leaves </b>larger and erect distally, reduced proximally, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf size;leaf orientation;leaf size;leaf shape;leaf shape">concave;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="apex shape;apex shape;margin orientation;margin architecture or shape">apex usually acute or acuminate margins erect, entire to serrate beyond middle;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="costa quantity;tip architecture">costa single, ending before the tip to excurrent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="distal and medial laminal bud size;distal and medial laminal bud shape;distal and medial laminal bud architecture or arrangement;distal and medial laminal bud architecture;proximal bud shape;proximal bud variability">distal and medial laminal cells large, rhombic-hexagonal to rectangular, lax and rather thin-walled, proximal cells oblong-rectangular, differentiated alar cells absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bud presence;bud reproduction;bud reproduction"><b>Sexual </b>condition autoicous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="antheridial branch quantity;antheridial branch position;perigonial paraphyse shape;cell size;cell shape">antheridial branches 1–2, basal, perigonial paraphyses clavate with an enlarged inflated cell;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="paraphyse presence">perichaetia apparently absent paraphyses.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="seta shape;seta orientation;seta course;seta architecture"><b>Seta </b>elongate, erect to strongly curved or twisted.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="capsule position;capsule orientation;capsule architecture or shape;capsule course;capsule coloration;capsule shape;capsule architecture;capsule architecture;annulus size;annulus architecture;annulus variability;exothecial bud shape;wall size;stoma prominence"><b>Capsule </b>exserted, usually inclined to pendent, asymmetric and usually curved, yellow to brown, pyriform, often sulcate or plicate when dry and empty, annulus large and revoluble or not differentiated, exothecial cells oblong-hexagonal to linear, walls incrassate especially so on inner tangential wall, stomata immersed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="peristome position;tooth development;tooth orientation;tooth shape;tooth coloration or pubescence or relief;tooth architecture;tooth architecture;disk architecture;endostome segment length;endostome segment length;tooth quantity;cilium presence">peristome double, inserted somewhat below the mouth, teeth well developed, obliquely directed, lance-acuminate, papillose-striate, often strongly trabeculate, frequently appendiculate at the tips and fusing with a latticed disk, endostome segments opposite the teeth, 1/6 or more the length of the teeth, papillose or weakly papillose-striate with a basal membrane and cilia absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="operculum orientation or shape;operculum shape;row arrangement"><b>Operculum </b>usually oblique to the axis of the capsule, convex to weakly conic, cells in obliquely radial rows.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="calyptra size;calyptra shape;calyptra architecture or pubescence or relief;calyptra shape"><b>Calyptra </b>large, cucullate, usually smooth, and often long-rostrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="spore shape;spore relief"><b>Spores </b>spherical, smooth or papillose to baccate-insulate.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia (including Indonesia);Africa;Pacific Islands;Australia
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 200 (9 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Funaria comprises mainly small to medium seasonal mosses growing on moist mineral or peaty soils in strong light. For the most part, they are relatively short-lived pioneer species adapted to complete the life cycle by producing many spores quickly, in a cool, moist, bright (but not sunny for long periods), exposed, disturbed habitat. In North America, the best time to look for members of the family is spring before the soil dries out. The most common species can be recognized by the production of large numbers of sporophytes bearing a double peristome with inner and outer teeth opposite rather than alternate as is typical for most mosses. The teeth tend to be torqued in one direction with the tips of the exostome adhering weakly to a few-celled disk. Because the sporophyte shows more morphologic diversity than the gametophyte, it is often essential for identification. H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981) discussed the indistinct generic limits between Funaria and Entosthodon and the application of generic names.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bartram1928a
|text=Bartram, E. B. 1928. Studies in Funaria from southwestern United States. Bryologist 31: 89–96
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=fife1979a
|text=Fife, A. J. 1979. Taxonomic observations on three species of North American Funaria. Bryologist 82: 204–214.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ireland1971b
|text=Ireland, R. R. 1971c. Funaria. In: E. Lawton. 1971. Moss Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Nichinan. Pp. 152–154.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Annulus absent
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Annulus large, revoluble
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Distal leaves with a long, flexuose, excurrent costa with a hyaline tip.
|[[Funaria apiculatopilosa|Funaria apiculatopilosa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Distal leaves acute to narrowly acuminate, costa percurrent or, if excurrent, straight and concolorous
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves with acute tips, distal marginal cells serrate from a series of elongate blade cells.
|[[Funaria serrata|Funaria serrata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves with acuminate tips, marginal cells not different from the blade cells
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Costa ending in a narrowly acuminate tip or excurrent, endostome segments broadly triangular proximally and nearly as long as the exostome teeth, east of Rockies.
|[[Funaria americana|Funaria americana]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Costa ending before the slender, filiform acumination, endostome segments narrowly lanceolate and about 2/3 the length of the exostome teeth, western states.
|[[Funaria muhlenbergii|Funaria muhlenbergii]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Endostome segments lanceolate, slender pointed, at least 2/3 the length of the exostome teeth
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Endostome segments narrow, less than 1/2 the length of the exostome teeth, or rudimentary
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Seta strongly twisted and hygroscopic, 20-80 mm, capsule with an oblique mouth sometimes almost parallel to the axis of the capsule, leaves acute to acuminate, often with a short excurrent costa.
|[[Funaria hygrometrica|Funaria hygrometrica]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Seta curved to cygneous, 8-12 mm, capsule mouth scarcely oblique to the axis of the capsule, leaves broadly acute to obtuse, costa ending before or in the tip.
|[[Funaria arctica|Funaria arctica]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Capsule symmetric or nearly so, seta strongly curved, axis of the capsule aligned with the seta.
|[[Funaria polaris|Funaria polaris]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Capsule curved to nearly straight, horizontal to pendent from the seta
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Capsule nearly straight and cylindrical, mouth 2/3 or more the diameter of the capsule, leaves tending to be broadly oblong-ovate.
|[[Funaria flavicans|Funaria flavicans]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Capsule curved and pyriform, mouth 1/2 or less the diameter of the capsule, leaves tending to be oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate.
|[[Funaria microstoma|Funaria microstoma]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Funaria
|author=Donna H. Miller;Harvey A. Miller
|authority=Hedwig
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Funariaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia (including Indonesia);Africa;Pacific Islands;Australia
|reference=bartram1928a;fife1979a;ireland1971b
|publication title=Sp. Musc. Frond.,
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V27/V27_250.xml
|genus=Funaria
|annulus architecture=revoluble
|annulus size=large
|annulus variability=not differentiated
|antheridial branch position=basal
|antheridial branch quantity=1;2
|apex shape=acuminate;acute
|basal antheridial height or length or size=short
|basal branch height or length or size=short
|bud presence=absent
|bud reproduction=autoicous;sexual
|calyptra architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|calyptra shape=long-rostrate;cucullate
|calyptra size=large
|capsule architecture=plicate;sulcate
|capsule architecture or shape=asymmetric
|capsule coloration=yellow;brown
|capsule course=curved
|capsule orientation=usually inclined;pendent
|capsule position=exserted
|capsule shape=pyriform
|cell shape=inflated
|cell size=enlarged
|cilium presence=absent
|costa quantity=single
|disk architecture=latticed
|distal and medial laminal bud architecture=thin-walled
|distal and medial laminal bud architecture or arrangement=lax
|distal and medial laminal bud shape=rhombic-hexagonal;rectangular
|distal and medial laminal bud size=large
|endostome segment length=papillose-striate;papillose
|exothecial bud shape=oblong-hexagonal;linear
|leaf orientation=erect
|leaf shape=concave;oblong-ovate;broadly obovate
|leaf size=reduced;larger
|margin architecture or shape=entire;serrate
|margin orientation=erect
|operculum orientation or shape=oblique
|operculum shape=convex;weakly conic
|paraphyse presence=absent
|perigonial paraphyse shape=clavate
|peristome position=inserted
|proximal bud shape=oblong-rectangular
|proximal bud variability=differentiated
|row arrangement=radial
|seta architecture=twisted
|seta course=curved
|seta orientation=erect
|seta shape=elongate
|spore relief=papillose;baccate-insulate
|spore shape=spherical
|stem architecture=simple
|stem height or length or size=short
|stem orientation=erect
|stoma prominence=immersed
|tip architecture=excurrent
|tooth architecture=appendiculate;trabeculate
|tooth coloration or pubescence or relief=papillose-striate
|tooth development=developed
|tooth orientation=directed
|tooth quantity=1/6
|tooth shape=lance-acuminate
|wall size=incrassate
|whole_organism arrangement or pubescence=tufted
|whole_organism coloration=bright green;yellowish green
|whole_organism growth form=plant;gregarious
|whole_organism size=small;medium-sized
}}<!--

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