View source for Garrya

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Garrya
|accepted_authority=Douglas ex Lindley
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Edwards’s Bot. Reg.
|place=20: plate 1686. 1834
|year=1834
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Garryaceae;Garrya
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Garryaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Garrya]]</div></div>
|etymology=For Nicholas Garry, 1782–1856, deputy-governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company from 1822–1835, diarist of his 1821 travels in the Northwest Territories, friend and benefactor of David Douglas
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 548
|treatment_page=page 549
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="blade shape;blade texture;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape"><b>Leaves:</b> blade flat to concave-convex, coriaceous, margins entire, flat, revolute, or strongly undulate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="inflorescence position"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, aments;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="bract arrangement;bract fusion;bract fusion">bracts opposite, distinct or connate basally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="pedicel architecture;pedicel presence;pedicel architecture;pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels:</b> staminate present, pistillate absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal arrangement or dehiscence;sepal arrangement;sepal shape;hair arrangement"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals 4, valvate in bud, apically connivent by intertwined hairs, linear to lanceolate-oblong;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary presence;nectary prominence">nectary absent or vestigial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen arrangement;anther fixation">stamens alternate with sepals, anthers basifixed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal prominence"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals 2, sometimes rudimentary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary presence">nectary absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity">ovules 2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;style atypical quantity;style quantity;style orientation;style orientation;style shape">styles 2 (–3), erect or recurved, linear-lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma shape">stigmas decurrent on adaxial surfaces of styles.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="fruits berry coloration;fruits berry condition;fruits berry coloration;fruits berry shape;fruits berry texture;fruits berry fragility"><b>Fruits </b>berries, dark blue to black, drying whitish-gray, subglobose to ovoid, fleshy, becoming brittle.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>(1–) 2 per fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=w;sc United States;Mexico;West Indies (Cuba);West Indies (Hispaniola);West Indies (Jamaica);Central America;some cultivated
|discussion=<p>Species 17 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Two sections of Garrya have been recognized (see key below). Species of sect. Garrya range from Washington to Baja California and New Mexico, with one outlier in Guatemala, G. corvorum Standley & Steyermark. Section Fadyenia de Candolle ranges from trans-Pecos Texas to Arizona and from Mexico (including Baja California) to Central America plus the West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica). In addition to the features noted in the key, in sect. Garrya pistillate flowers bear a pair of small appendages at the ovary apex near the style base, whereas in sect. Fadyenia pistillate flowers occasionally produce two foliaceous bracts partially adnate to the ovary. The phylogenetic distinction between the two sections has been confirmed by D. O. Burge (2011).</p><!--
--><p>The staminate flowers in pendulous aments of Garrya are similar to those in other genera specialized for wind-pollination. The staminate aments are more flexible than the pistillate and more responsive to wind currents. P. A. Munz (1959) noted that in California many of the species intergrade extensively where their distributions overlap, and hybridization and intraspecific variation underlie continuing uncertainty about delimitations of taxa. Natural hybrids, however, have not been reported elsewhere. The artificial hybrids G. ×issaquahensis Talbot de Malahide ex E. C. Nelson (G. elliptica × G. fremontii) and G. ×thuretii Carrière (G. elliptica × G. fadyenii Hooker) have been bred for garden planting.</p><!--
--><p>The common name silktassel alludes to the sericeous vestiture of the long, showy aments in sect. Garrya. Plants are cultivated mainly for the foliage and showy staminate aments, and cultivars are mostly staminate plants propagated from cuttings.</p><!--
--><p>Stem extracts of Garrya laurifolia Bentham are toxic but are used as an antidiarrhetic throughout rural Mexico, and bark extracts were reportedly used by Native Americans to treat fever (G. V. Dahling 1978).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=burge2011a
|text=Burge, D. O. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Garrya (Garryaceae). Madroño 58: 249–255.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dahling1978a
|text=Dahling, G. V. 1978. Systematics and evolution of Garrya. Contr. Gray Herb. 209: 1–104.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=eyde1964a
|text=Eyde, R. H. 1964. Inferior ovary and generic affinities of Garrya. Amer. J. Bot. 51: 1083–1092.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=liston2003a
|text=Liston, A. 2003. A new interpretation of floral morphology in Garrya (Garryaceae). Taxon 52: 271–276.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Staminate aments 1–3 cm; pistillate aments loose, internodes 4+ mm, erect, sometimes branched; pistillate bracts distinct or connate basally, each usually subtending 1 flower, at least proximal similar in size and shape to distal leaves; Arizona, New Mexico, Texas [Garrya sect. Fadyenia].
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely strigose.
|[[Garrya wrightii|Garrya wrightii]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces persistently sparsely to densely puberulent-tomentulose to tomentulose with coiling to recurved hairs.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades 1.6–4(–5.5) × 0.7–2.5 cm, margins undulate, ± muricate-roughened, especially distal to middle, adaxial surfaces usually persistently tomentose, sometimes ± glabrescent.
|[[Garrya goldmanii|Garrya goldmanii]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blades 4.5–8 × 2.5–5 cm, margins flat, smooth, adaxial surfaces glabrate or glabrous.
|[[Garrya lindheimeri|Garrya lindheimeri]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Staminate aments 3–20 cm; pistillate aments compact, internodes to 1 mm, pendulous, unbranched; pistillate bracts connate proximally into deep cup, at least at proximal nodes each subtending 3 flowers, differing in size and shape from leaves; Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington [Garrya sect. Garrya].
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces usually densely, sometimes becoming sparsely, closely tomentose, hairs curled or crisped, interwoven.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blade apices rounded to obtuse; pistillate and staminate aments 8–15 cm.
|[[Garrya elliptica|Garrya elliptica]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blade apices acuminate; pistillate and staminate aments 2.5–7 cm.
|[[Garrya veatchii|Garrya veatchii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely to densely strigose-sericeous or strigose, hairs antrorsely appressed.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades abaxially whitish, adaxially yellow-green to gray-green, dull; berries densely strigose-sericeous, sometimes glabrate toward base.
|[[Garrya flavescens|Garrya flavescens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades abaxially green, adaxially bright to olive green, glossy; berries glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely strigose near apex.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Staminate aments 7–20 cm; leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely strigose.
|[[Garrya fremontii|Garrya fremontii]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Staminate aments 5–7 cm; leaf blade abaxial surfaces densely strigose-sericeous.
|[[Garrya buxifolia|Garrya buxifolia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Garrya
|authority=Douglas ex Lindley
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Garryaceae
|distribution=w;sc United States;Mexico;West Indies (Cuba);West Indies (Hispaniola);West Indies (Jamaica);Central America;some cultivated
|reference=burge2011a;dahling1978a;eyde1964a;liston2003a
|publication title=Edwards’s Bot. Reg.
|publication year=1834
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_256.xml
|genus=Garrya
|anther fixation=basifixed
|blade shape=flat;concave-convex
|blade texture=coriaceous
|bract arrangement=opposite
|bract fusion=connate;distinct
|bracteole presence=absent
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate
|fruits berry coloration=whitish-gray;dark blue;black
|fruits berry condition=drying
|fruits berry fragility=brittle
|fruits berry shape=subglobose;ovoid
|fruits berry texture=fleshy
|hair arrangement=intertwined
|inflorescence position=axillary
|margin shape=undulate;revolute;undulate;revolute;flat;entire
|nectary presence=absent;absent
|nectary prominence=vestigial
|ovule quantity=2
|pedicel architecture=pistillate;staminate
|pedicel presence=absent;absent
|petal presence=absent;absent
|seed atypical quantity=1;2
|seed quantity=2
|sepal arrangement=connivent
|sepal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
|sepal prominence=rudimentary
|sepal quantity=2;4
|sepal shape=linear;lanceolate-oblong
|stamen arrangement=alternate
|stigma shape=decurrent
|style atypical quantity=2;3
|style orientation=recurved;erect
|style quantity=2
|style shape=linear-lanceolate
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub
|x chromosome quantity=11
}}<!--

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