View source for Geocarpon

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Geocarpon
|accepted_authority=Mackenzie
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Torreya
|place=14: 67. 1914
|year=1914
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Caryophyllaceae;Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae;Geocarpon
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Geocarpon]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek ge, earth, and carpos, fruit
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 7
|treatment_page=page 148
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> annual or winter-annual.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot size"><b>Taproots </b>slender.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem shape"><b>Stems </b>erect or spreading-ascending, simple or few-branched basally, terete.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf fusion;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>connate basally into sheath, sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;blade texture;apex shape">blade 1-veined, narrowly oblong, not succulent, apex acute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position;flower arrangement;node arrangement"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, flowers borne singly at alternate nodes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bract arrangement;bract architecture">bracts paired at upper nodes, foliaceous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower architecture"><b>Pedicels:</b> flowers sessile.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position"><b>Flowers:</b> perianth and androecium perigynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="hypanthium coloration;hypanthium coloration;hypanthium shape;hypanthium architecture;vein architecture">hypanthium green or reddish, cupshaped, 10-veined, commisural veins branched ca. at base of sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion;sepal some measurement;sepal coloration;sepal coloration;sepal architecture;sepal shape;margin coloration;margin texture;apex shape">sepals 5, connate proximally ca. 1 mm, green or reddish, 3-veined (lateral pair 1/8 length of midvein), triangular-ovate, margins white, scarious, apex acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal presence">petals absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="">nectaries unknown;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen orientation">stamens 5, arising between sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="filament fusion">filaments distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="staminode quantity;staminode arrangement;staminode shape">staminodes 5, alternating with stamens, scalelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style shape;style some measurement;hair fragility">styles 3, filiform, ca. 0.3 mm, without stiff hairs proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma arrangement or course or shape;stigma relief;stigma quantity">stigmas 3, linear along adaxial surface, minutely papillate (50×).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="capsule shape;valve quantity;valve position;valve orientation"><b>Capsules </b>ovoid, opening by 3 apical, spreading valves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpophore presence">carpophore absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed coloration;seed coloration or reflectance;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed relief;marginal wing presence;appendage presence"><b>Seeds </b>ca. 30 (–60), yellowish green to brown, translucent, elliptic to ovoid, reniform, slightly laterally compressed, muriculate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=sc United States
|discussion=<p>Species 1.</p><!--
--><p>When MacKenzie described Geocarpon he placed it in Aizoaceae, thinking that it was closest to Cypselea among the North American representatives of that family. He noted that Geocarpon differs markedly in the absence of stipules and styles and in the valvular rather than circumscissile dehiscence of the fruit. Other authors following this alignment included M. L. Fernald (1950), H. A. Gleason (1952, vol. 2), and P. Wilson (1934). After closer scrutiny of several morphological characteristics, E. J. Palmer and J. A. Steyermark (1950) moved Geocarpon to Caryophyllaceae. Features they noted in suggesting this change included exstipulate leaves, connate sepals, five stamens and, particularly, five staminodes inserted perigynously on the floral tube opposite the calyx lobes, the unilocular ovary with numerous amphitropous ovules on a free-central placenta, and three sessile, recurved stigmas alternating with three bifid tips of the ovary valves. Within Caryophyllaceae, Palmer and Steyermark erected a new monotypic tribe, Geocarpeae, between Alsineae (subtribe Sabulinae) and Sclerantheae. In addition to the morphological evidence for placing Geocarpon in Caryophyllaceae, there are also supporting chemical and anatomical data. The reddish pigment in Geocarpon is an anthocyanin; no betalain-type pigments have been found (A. L. Bogle et al. 1971). Furthermore, H.-D. Behnke (1982) found that the sieve-element plastids of Geocarpon are the type found in Caryophyllaceae (PIIIc´f), not like those found in members of Aizoaceae.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=bogle1971a
|text=Bogle, A. L., T. Swain, R. D. Thomas, and E. D. Kohn. 1971. Geocarpon: Aizoaceae or Caryophyllaceae? Taxon 20: 473–477.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=palmer1950a
|text=Palmer, E. J. and J. A. Steyermark. 1950. Notes on Geocarpon minimum Mackenzie. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 77: 268–273.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=steyermark1959a
|text=Steyermark, J. A., J. W. Voigt, and R. H. Mohlenbrock. 1959. Present biological status of Geocarpon minimum Mackenzie. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 86: 228–235.
}}
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Geocarpon
|author=Mark A. Nienaber
|authority=Mackenzie
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Caryophyllaceae
|illustrator=Barbara Alongi
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=sc United States
|reference=bogle1971a;palmer1950a;steyermark1959a
|publication title=Torreya
|publication year=1914
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_304.xml
|subfamily=Caryophyllaceae subfam. Alsinoideae
|genus=Geocarpon
|androecium position=perigynous
|apex shape=acute;acute
|appendage presence=absent
|blade architecture=1-veined
|blade shape=oblong
|blade texture=not succulent
|bract architecture=foliaceous
|bract arrangement=paired
|capsule shape=ovoid
|carpophore presence=absent
|filament fusion=distinct
|flower architecture=sessile
|flower arrangement=singly
|hair fragility=stiff
|hypanthium architecture=10-veined
|hypanthium coloration=reddish;green
|hypanthium shape=cup-shaped
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf architecture=sessile
|leaf fusion=connate
|margin coloration=white
|margin texture=scarious
|marginal wing presence=absent
|node arrangement=alternate
|perianth position=perigynous
|petal presence=absent
|seed atypical quantity=30;60
|seed coloration=yellowish green;brown
|seed coloration or reflectance=translucent
|seed quantity=30
|seed relief=muriculate
|seed shape=compressed;reniform;elliptic;ovoid
|sepal architecture=3-veined
|sepal coloration=reddish;green
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=triangular-ovate
|sepal some measurement=1
|stamen orientation=arising
|stamen quantity=5
|staminode arrangement=alternating
|staminode quantity=5
|staminode shape=scale-like
|stem architecture=few-branched;simple
|stem orientation=spreading-ascending;erect
|stem shape=terete
|stigma arrangement or course or shape=linear
|stigma quantity=[50;3
|stigma relief=papillate
|style quantity=3
|style shape=filiform
|style some measurement=0.3
|taproot size=slender
|valve orientation=spreading
|valve position=apical
|valve quantity=3
|vein architecture=branched
|whole_organism duration=winter-annual;annual
|whole_organism growth form=herb
}}<!--

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