View source for Glyceria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Glyceria
|accepted_authority=R. Br.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Meliceae;Glyceria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Meliceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Glyceria]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 68
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>usually perennial, rarely annual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm atypical some measurement;culm some measurement;culm orientation;culm orientation;culm architecture;culm architecture"><b>Culms </b>(10) 20-250 cm, erect or decumbent, freely rooting at the lower nodes, not cormous based.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath condition;sheath length;sheath condition"><b>Sheaths </b>closed for at least 3/4 their length, often almost entirely closed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule architecture or relief;ligule shape">ligules scarious, erose to lacerate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape">blades flat or folded.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;specimen condition;branch fixation or orientation;branch arrangement;branch orientation"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, usually panicles, sometimes racemes in depauperate specimens, branches appressed to divergent or reflexed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spikelet shape;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;spikelet shape;floret quantity;spikelet reproduction"><b>Spikelets </b>cylindrical and terete or oval and laterally compressed, with 2-16 florets, terminal floret in each spikelet sterile, reduced;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="terminal floret size">disarticulation above the glumes, below the florets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="glume size;glume architecture;glume shape;glume shape;glume architecture or relief;lemma variability;lemma arrangement"><b>Glumes </b>much smaller than to equaling the adjacent lemmas, 1-veined, obtuse or acute, often erose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="lower glume some measurement">lower glumes 0.3-4.5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="upper glume some measurement">upper glumes 0.6-7 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="callus pubescence">calluses glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="lemma texture;lemma shape;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;hair architecture;vein prominence;vein prominence;vein shape;vein arrangement;apical margin coloration;band coloration;portion coloration;apex shape;apex architecture or shape;apex architecture or shape;apex architecture or relief;apex shape">lemmas membranous to thinly coriaceous, rounded over the back, smooth or scabrous, glabrous or hairy, hairs to about 0.1 mm, 5-11-veined, veins usually evident, often prominent and ridged, not or scarcely converging distally, apical margins hyaline, sometimes with a purplish band below the hyaline portion, apices acute to rounded or truncate, entire, erose, or irregularly lobed, unawned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="palea shape;lemma height or length or size;lemma length or size;lemma height or length or size;lemma length or size;lemma height or length or size;lemma length or size;keel architecture">paleas from shorter than to longer than the lemmas, keeled, keels sometimes winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="lodicule width;lodicule fusion;lodicule architecture">lodicules thick, sometimes connate, not winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="anther atypical quantity;anther quantity">anthers (1) 2-3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="ovary pubescence">ovaries glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style architecture">styles 2-branched, branches divergent to recurved, plumose distally.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="branch arrangement;branch orientation;branch shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 10.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=N.C.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Minn.;Oreg.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Ill.;Ind.;Md.;Mich.;Miss.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Utah;Okla.;Calif.;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ala.;Kans.;Ark.;Ga.;Idaho;Ohio;Mo.;Alaska;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Glyceria includes approximately 35 species, all of which grow in wet areas. All but five species are native to the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is represented in the Flora region by 13 native and 3 introduced species, as well as 3 named hybrids. One additional European species, G. notata, is included in this treatment because it has been reported to be present in the region.</p><!--
--><p>All native species of Glyceria are palatable to livestock. They are rarely sufficiently abundant to be important forage species. Some grow in areas that are soon degraded by grazing. Glyceria maxima can cause cyanide poisoning in cattle. Species in sects. Striatae and Hydropoa have potential as ornamentals.</p><!--
--><p>Glyceria resembles Puccinellia in the structure of its spikelets and its preference for wet habitats; it differs in its inability to tolerate highly alkaline soils, and its usually more flexuous panicle branches, closed leaf sheaths, and single-veined upper glumes. Some species are apt to be confused with Torreyochloa pallida, another species associated with wet habitats but one that, like Puccinellia, has open leaf sheaths. Glyceria includes several species that appear to intergrade. In some cases, the distinctions between such taxa are more evident in the field, particularly when they are sympatric. Recognition of such taxa at the specific level is merited unless it can be shown that all the distinctions between them are inherited as a group.</p><!--
--><p>The three named North American hybrids are Glyceria xgatineauensis Bowden, G. xottawensis Bowden, and G. xoccidentalis (Piper) J.C. Nelson. The first two were named as hybrids; they are not included in the key and are mentioned only briefly in the descriptions. Glyceria xoccidentalis has hitherto been treated as a species. Studies finished shortly before completion of this volume indicate that it, too, consists of hybrids (Whipple et al. [in press]). It is included in the key and provided with a full description.</p><!--
--><p>Culm thickness is measured near midlength of the basal internode; it does not include leaf sheaths. Unless otherwise stated, ligule measurements reflect both the basal and upper leaves. Ligules of the basal leaves are usually shorter than, but similar in shape and texture to, those of the upper leaves. The number of spikelets on a branch is counted on the longest primary branches, and includes all the spikelets on the secondary (and higher order) branches of the primary branch. Pedicel lengths are measured for lateral spikelets on a branch, not the terminal spikelet. Lemma characteristics are based on the lowest lemmas of most spikelets in a panicle. There is often, unfortunately, considerable variation within a panicle.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=anderson1994b
|text=Anderson, J.E. and A.A. Reznicek. 1994. Glyceria maxima (Poaceae) in New England. Rhodora 96:97-101
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=borrill1955a
|text=Borrill, M. 1955. Breeding systems and compatibility in Glyceria. Nature 175:561-563
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bowden1960b
|text=Bowden, W.M. 1960. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses: HI. Festuceae. Canad. J. Bot. 38:117-131
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=chester1993a
|text=Chester, E.W., B.E. Wofford, H.R. DeSelm, and A.M. Evans. 1993. Atlas of Tennessee Vascular Plants, vol. 1. Austin Peay State University Miscellaneous Publication No. 9. The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee, U.S.A. 118 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=church1949a
|text=Church, G.L. 1949. Cytotaxonomic study of Glyceria and Puccinellia. Amer. J. Bot. 36:155-165
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=conert1992a
|text=Conert, H.J. 1992. Glyceria. Pp. 440-457 in G. Hegi. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, ed. 3. Band I, Teil 3, Lieferung 6 (pp. 401—480). Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, Germany
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dore1980a
|text=Dore, W.G. and J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph No. 26. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Quebec, Canada. 568 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hitchcock1969e
|text=Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, and M. Ownbey. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 914 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=komarov1963a
|text=Komarov, V.L. 1963. Genus 176. Glyceria R. Br. Pp. 356-365 in R.Yu. Rozhevits [R.J. Roshevitz] and B.K. Shishkin [Schischkin] (eds.). Flora of the U.S.S.R., vol. 2, trans. N. Landau (series ed. V.L. Komarov). Published for the National Science Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel. 622 pp. [English translation of Flora SSSR, vol. II. 1934. Botanicheskii Institut Im. V.L. Komarova, Akademiya Nauk, Leningrad, Russia. 778 pp.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=koyama1987a
|text=Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and Its Neighboring Regions: An Identification Manual. Kodansha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 370 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=scoggan1978a
|text=Scoggan, H. 1978. Flora of Canada, part 2: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledoneae. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Botany No. T2. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 545 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=voss1972a
|text=Voss, E.G. 1972. Michigan Flora: A Guide to the Identification and Occurrence of the Native and Naturalized Seed-Plants of the State, part 1. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 488 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=whipple-a
|text=Whipple, I.G., B.S. Bushman, and M.E. Barkworth. [in press]. Glyceria in North America.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikelets laterally compressed, lengths 1-4 times widths, oval in side view; paleal keels not winged (sects. Hydropoa and Striatae).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Upper glumes 2.5-5 mm long, longer than wide.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Blades 3-7 mm wide; culms 2.5-4 mm thick, 60-90 cm tall; anthers 0.7-1.2 mm long
|[[Glyceria alnasteretum|Glyceria alnasteretum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Blades 6-20 mm wide; culms 6-12 mm thick, 60-250 cm tall; anthers (1)1.2-2 mm long
|[[Glyceria maxima|Glyceria maxima]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Upper glumes 0.6-3.7 mm long, if longer than 3 mm, then shorter than wide.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Panicles ovoid to linear; panicle branches appressed to strongly ascending; ligules of the upper leaves 0.5-0.9 mm long.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles 5-15 cm long, 2.5-6 cm wide, ovoid, erect
|[[Glyceria obtusa|Glyceria obtusa]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles 15-25 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, linear, nodding
|[[Glyceria melicaria|Glyceria melicaria]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Panicles pyramidal; panicle branches strongly divergent or drooping; ligules of the upper leaves 1-7 mm long.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lemma apices almost flat; anthers 3; veins of 1 or both glumes in each spikelet usually extending to the apices
|[[Glyceria grandis|Glyceria grandis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lemma apices prow-shaped; anthers 2; veins of both glumes terminating below the apices.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Glumes tapering from below midlength to the narrowly acute (< 45°) apices; lemma lengths more than twice widths
|[[Glyceria nubigena|Glyceria nubigena]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Glumes narrowing from midlength or above to the acute (> 45°) or rounded apices; lemma lengths less than twice widths. 8. Spikelets (2.5)3-5 mm wide; lemma veins evident but not raised distally; palea lengths 1.5-1.8 times widths
|[[Glyceria canadensis|Glyceria canadensis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Spikelets 1.2-2.9 mm wide; lemma veins distinctly raised throughout; palea lengths 1.5-3.5 times widths.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Lemmas 2.5-3.5 mm long; glume lengths about 3 times widths, glume apices broadly acute; lower glumes 1.5-2 mm long; upper glumes 2-2.6 mm long
|[[Glyceria pulchella|Glyceria pulchella]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Lemmas 1.2-2.2 mm long; glume lengths up to twice widths, glume apices rounded or acute; lower glumes 0.5-1.5 mm long; upper glumes 0.6-1.5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Blades 2-6 mm wide; anthers 0.2-0.6 mm long; culms 1.5-3.5 mm thick
|[[Glyceria striata|Glyceria striata]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Blades 6-15 mm wide; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long; culms 2.5-8 mm thick
|[[Glyceria elata|Glyceria elata]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikelets cylindrical and terete, except at anthesis when slightly laterally compressed, lengths more than 5 times widths, rectangular in side view; paleal keels usually winged distally (sect. Glyceria).
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Lemmas tapering from near midlength to the acuminate or narrowly acute apices; paleas exceeding the lemmas by 0.7-3 mm; palea apices often appearing bifid, the teeth 0.4-1 mm long
|[[Glyceria acutiflora|Glyceria acutiflora]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Lemmas not tapered or tapering only in the distal 1/4, apices truncate, rounded, or acute; paleas shorter or to 1(1.5) mm longer than the lemmas; palea apices not or shortly bifid, the teeth to 0.5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lemma apices with 1 strongly developed lobe on 1 or both sides, entire to crenulate between the lobes; blades 3-12 cm long; primary panicle branches 1.5-9.5 cm long
|[[Glyceria declinata|Glyceria declinata]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Lemma apices not or more or less evenly lobed; blades 5-30 cm long; primary panicle branches 3-18 cm long. 13. Lemmas 5-8 mm long.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Anthers 0.6-1.6 mm long; lemma apices usually slightly lobed or irregularly crenate
|[[Glyceria xoccidentalis|Glyceria xoccidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Anthers 1.5-3 mm long; lemma apices usually entire
|[[Glyceria fluitans|Glyceria fluitans]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Lemmas 2.4-5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Lemmas usually smooth between the veins, if scabridulous the prickles between the veins smaller than those over the veins.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lemmas usually acute, sometimes obtuse, entire or almost so; adaxial surfaces of the midcauline blades usually densely papillose, glabrous
|[[Glyceria borealis|Glyceria borealis]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Lemmas truncate to obtuse, crenate; adaxial surfaces of the midcauline blades rarely densely papillose, sometimes sparsely hairy.
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Culms 73-182 cm tall; pedicels 0.7-1.7 mm
|[[Glyceria septentrionalis|Glyceria septentrionalis]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Culms 25-80 cm tall; pedicels 1-6 mm
|[[Glyceria notata|Glyceria notata]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Lemmas scabridulous or hispidulous between the veins, the prickles between the veins similar in size to those over the veins.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Lemma apices acute.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lemmas 2.4-4.8 mm long; pedicels 0.7-1.7 mm long; plants from east of the Rocky Mountains
|[[Glyceria septentrionalis|Glyceria septentrionalis]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Lemmas 4.5-5.9 mm long; pedicels 1.5-8 mm long; plants from west of the Rocky Mountains
|[[Glyceria xoccidentalis|Glyceria xoccidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Lemma apices truncate to obtuse.
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Pedicels 0.7-1.7 mm long; anthers 0.5-1.8 mm long; plants from east of the Rocky Mountains
|[[Glyceria septentrionalis|Glyceria septentrionalis]]
|-id=key-0-20
|20
|Pedicels 2-5 mm long; anthers 0.3-0.9 mm long; plants from British Columbia and the Pacific states
|[[Glyceria leptostachya|Glyceria leptostachya]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Glyceria
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;Laurel K. Anderton;
|authority=R. Br.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=N.C.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;W.Va.;Del.;D.C;Wis.;Ariz.;N.Mex.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Tex.;La.;Iowa;Minn.;Oreg.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Ill.;Ind.;Md.;Mich.;Miss.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Utah;Okla.;Calif.;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ala.;Kans.;Ark.;Ga.;Idaho;Ohio;Mo.;Alaska;Ky.
|reference=anderson1994b;borrill1955a;bowden1960b;chester1993a;church1949a;conert1992a;dore1980a;hitchcock1969e;komarov1963a;koyama1987a;scoggan1978a;voss1972a;whipple-a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_76.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Meliceae
|genus=Glyceria
|anther atypical quantity=1
|anther quantity=2;3
|apex architecture or relief=erose
|apex architecture or shape=entire;truncate
|apex shape=lobed;acute;rounded
|apical margin coloration=hyaline
|band coloration=purplish
|blade shape=folded;flat
|branch arrangement=divergent;divergent
|branch fixation or orientation=appressed
|branch orientation=recurved;reflexed
|branch shape=plumose
|callus pubescence=glabrous
|culm architecture=not cormous;rooting
|culm atypical some measurement=10
|culm orientation=decumbent;erect
|culm some measurement=20cm;250cm
|floret quantity=2;16
|glume architecture=1-veined
|glume architecture or relief=erose
|glume shape=acute;obtuse
|glume size=much smaller
|hair architecture=5-11-veined
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|keel architecture=winged
|lemma arrangement=adjacent
|lemma height or length or size=shorter;shorter;shorter
|lemma length or size=longer;longer;longer
|lemma pubescence=hairy;glabrous;scabrous;smooth;hairy;glabrous;scabrous;smooth
|lemma shape=rounded
|lemma texture=membranous;thinly coriaceous
|lemma variability=equaling
|ligule architecture or relief=erose
|ligule shape=lacerate
|ligule texture=scarious
|lodicule architecture=not winged
|lodicule fusion=connate
|lodicule width=thick
|lower glume some measurement=0.3mm;4.5mm
|ovary pubescence=glabrous
|palea shape=keeled
|portion coloration=hyaline
|sheath condition=closed;closed
|sheath length=3/4
|specimen condition=depauperate
|spikelet reproduction=sterile
|spikelet shape=compressed;oval;terete;cylindrical
|style architecture=2-branched
|terminal floret size=reduced
|upper glume some measurement=0.6mm;7mm
|vein arrangement=converging
|vein prominence=prominent;evident
|vein shape=ridged
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=annual;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|x chromosome quantity=10
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Meliceae]]