View source for Helonias

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Helonias
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 342. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 159. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Liliaceae;Helonias
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Liliaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Helonias]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek helos, marsh, alluding to the habitat
|volume=Volume 26
|mention_page=page 56
|treatment_page=page 69
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism pubescence;whole_organism growth form;rhizome fragility or size"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial, subscapose, glabrous, from stout rhizomes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root architecture;root texture">roots contractile, fibrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, simple, hollow, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf size;leaf shape"><b>Leaves </b>evergreen, in basal rosettes, reduced distally to bractlike leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade architecture;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex pubescence">blade simple, oblong-spatulate to oblanceolate, margins entire, apex acute, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence density;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, racemose, dense, ebracteate, pedicellate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower orientation;flower odor;flower shape"><b>Flowers </b>spreading, fragrant, funnel-shaped;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="tepal duration;tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal coloration;tepal coloration;tepal shape;nectary position;nectary position;nectary architecture">tepals persistent, 6, distinct to barely connate basally, purplish-pink, becoming green, spatulate to oblong, nectary proximal, adaxial, weakly sulcate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="stamen duration;stamen quantity;tepal variability">stamens persistent, 6, equaling tepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="filament fusion;filament position;filament quantity;filament fusion">filaments distinct, inner 3 proximally adnate to ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="anther fixation;anther fixation;anther architecture or structure in adjective form;anther dehiscence or orientation;pollen-sac arrangement">anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 1-locular, extrorse, pollen-sacs apically confluent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary superior, 3-locular proximally, 1-locular distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="septal nectary presence">septal nectaries absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="style quantity;style shape;style orientation;style fusion;style architecture">styles 3, depressed apically into ovary apex, ascending to arching, distinct, sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stigma relief">stigmas not papillate along adaxial surface.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit shape;fruit texture;fruit dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, deeply 3-lobed, papery, dehiscence loculicidal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>16 per locule, linear-fusiform, caudate at both ends.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed shape;x chromosome quantity">x = 17.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=e North America
|discussion=<p>Species 1.</p><!--
--><p>The close relationships among Helonias and the east Asian Heloniopsis A. Gray and Ypsilandra Franchet have been noted repeatedly. They exhibit many similarities in morphology and anatomy (F. Buxbaum 1925, 1927; W. Schulze 1978b; C. Sterling 1980; F. H. Utech 1978b; F. H. Utech and S. Kawano 1981; N. Tanaka 1997, 1997b, 1997c, 1997d, 1997e, 1998), palynology (M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989), ecology (S. Kawano and J. Masuda 1980; H. Takahashi 1988), and karyology (F. H. Utech 1980). Based on these similarities, Tanaka merged the five species of Heloniopsis and the three species of Ypsilandra into Helonias. However, molecular evidence indicates that, although the genera are related, they are distinct (S. Fuse and M. N. Tamura 2000). This group has been recognized as a separate tribe, Heloniadeae Fries, within the Melanthiaceae sensu stricto (M. N. Tamura 1998; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b), or placed in a separate family, Heloniadaceae J. Agardh (A. L. Takhtajan 1997).</p><!--
--><p>Helonias in eastern North America and the Ypsilandra–Heloniopsis lineage in eastern Asia comprise a paired Arcto-Tertiary element in which Ypsilandra (western China to the Himalayas) and Heloniopis (Taiwan, Korea to Japan) have differentiated from each other in eastern Asia (N. Tanaka 1997e).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Helonias
|author=Frederick H. Utech
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Liliaceae
|distribution=e North America
|reference=None
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V26/V26_48.xml
|genus=Helonias
|anther architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|anther dehiscence or orientation=extrorse
|anther fixation=versatile;dorsifixed
|apex pubescence=glabrous
|apex shape=acute
|blade architecture=simple
|blade shape=oblong-spatulate;oblanceolate
|filament fusion=adnate;distinct
|filament position=inner
|filament quantity=3
|flower odor=fragrant
|flower orientation=spreading
|flower shape=funnel--shaped
|fruit architecture=capsular
|fruit dehiscence=loculicidal
|fruit shape=3-lobed
|fruit texture=papery
|inflorescence architecture=pedicellate;ebracteate
|inflorescence arrangement=racemose
|inflorescence density=dense
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf duration=evergreen
|leaf shape=bractlike
|leaf size=reduced
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|nectary architecture=sulcate
|nectary position=adaxial;proximal
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular;3-locular
|ovary position=superior
|pollen-sac arrangement=confluent
|rhizome fragility or size=stout
|root architecture=contractile
|root texture=fibrous
|seed quantity=16
|seed shape=caudate;linear-fusiform
|septal nectary presence=absent
|stamen duration=persistent
|stamen quantity=6
|stem architecture=hollow;simple
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stigma relief=not papillate
|style architecture=sessile
|style fusion=distinct
|style orientation=ascending;arching
|style quantity=3
|style shape=depressed
|tepal coloration=green;purplish-pink
|tepal duration=persistent
|tepal fusion=distinct;barely connate
|tepal quantity=6
|tepal shape=spatulate;oblong
|tepal variability=equaling
|whole_organism architecture=subscapose
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism pubescence=glabrous
|x chromosome quantity=17
}}<!--

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