View source for Hippuris

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Hippuris
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 4. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Mare’s tail
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Plantaginaceae;Hippuris
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Hippuris]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek hippos, horse, and oura, tail, alluding to appearance of stem and leaves
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 5, 11, 12, 56
|treatment_page=page 55
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism location;whole_organism growth form or habitat;whole_organism growth form">rhizomatous, emergent aquatics in fresh or brackish water.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>erect, glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, whorled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade texture;blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade not fleshy, not leathery (fleshy or leathery in H. tetraphylla), margins entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>axillary, flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract presence">bracts absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present (proximal) or absent (distal);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties=""><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or unisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;rim size">caly× a minute rim adhering to summit of inferior ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;filament pubescence">stamen 1, adnate to ovary, filaments glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="staminode presence">staminode 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary 1-locular, placentation apical;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma arrangement or course or shape">stigma linear along surfaces of style.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>drupes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>1, brownish, globular, wings absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="wing presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 8.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;South America;Eurasia;in Australia
|discussion=<p>Species 4 (4 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Leaf characteristics of Hippuris used here are derived from whorls on the emergent portions of the stems; morphology of submerged leaves differs sharply from that of emergent shoots.</p><!--
--><p>M. E. McCully and H. M. Dale (1961) proposed that the taxa treated below all could be expressions of phenotypic plasticity of Hippuris vulgaris developed in different regimes of salts and photoperiod; this was not accepted by E. Hultén (1973), nor is it accepted here. Number of leaves in a whorl varies among plants and even on the same stem. Nevertheless, there are clear limits and discontinuities in leaf number and shape among taxa, which are well-correlated with less variable characters as well as with ecology and geography.</p><!--
--><p>Hippuris has been placed in Halagoraceae or in Hippuridaceae as a monogeneric family. Molecular phylogenetic studies now place it in Plantaginaceae (D. C. Albach et al. 2005).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=mccully1961a
|text=McCully, M. E. and H. M. Dale. 1961. Heterophylly in Hippuris, a problem in identification. Canad. J. Bot. 39: 1099–1116.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Flowers unisexual; leaves 2–10 mm, midveins often conspicuous, lateral veins absent; stems 15–100 mm; rhizomes 1 mm diam.
|[[Hippuris montana|Hippuris montana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Flowers bisexual; leaves 3–35 mm, midveins inconspicuous, lateral veins present, sometimes obscure; stems 80–500 mm; rhizomes (2–)3–7 mm diam.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves on mid portions of emergent shoots in whorls of (7 or)8 or 9(–12), tips often curled in dried plants; filaments longer than anthers.
|[[Hippuris vulgaris|Hippuris vulgaris]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves on mid portions of emergent shoots in whorls of 3–6(or 7), tips not curled in dried plants; filaments equal to or shorter than anthers.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves on mid portions of emergent shoots in whorls of (5 or)6(or 7), linear to narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 0.5–1.5 mm wide, apices subacute.
|[[Hippuris lanceolata|Hippuris lanceolata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves on mid portions of emergent shoots in whorls of 3–5(or 6), oblanceolate or oblong to broadly obovate, 2–8 mm wide, apices obtuse, rounded, or blunt.
|[[Hippuris tetraphylla|Hippuris tetraphylla]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Hippuris
|author=Reidar Elven;David F. Murray;Heidi Solstad
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Plantaginaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;South America;Eurasia;in Australia
|reference=mccully1961a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V17/V17_165.xml
|genus=Hippuris
|blade texture=not leathery;not fleshy
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|filament pubescence=glabrous
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower reproduction=unisexual;bisexual
|inflorescence position=axillary
|leaf arrangement=whorled
|leaf position=cauline
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|ovary placentation=apical
|pedicel presence=absent;absent
|petal presence=absent
|petiole presence=absent
|rim size=minute
|seed coloration=brownish
|seed quantity=1
|seed shape=globular
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=1
|staminode presence=absent
|stem orientation=erect
|stem pubescence=glabrous
|stigma arrangement or course or shape=linear
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|whole_organism growth form or habitat=aquatics
|whole_organism location=emergent
|wing presence=absent
|x chromosome quantity=8
}}<!--

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