View source for Huperzia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Huperzia
|accepted_authority=Bernhardi
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=J. Bot. (Schrader)
|place=1800(2): 126. 1801 Gemma fir-moss [for Johann Pete. 1816
|year=1816
}}
|common_names=Gemma fir-moss
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Lycopodiaceae;Huperzia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Lycopodiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Huperzia]]</div></div>
|etymology=for Johann Pete a German fern horticulturist
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form or habitat;whole_organism growth form or habitat;whole_organism orientation;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>terrestrial or on rock, erect to decumbent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root position relational;cortex orientation"><b>Roots </b>produced in apical portions of shoot, migrating downward in cortex to emerge at soil level.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem presence"><b>Horizontal </b>stems absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="shoot development;shoot development;shoot growth form;shoot shape;shoot architecture;shoot diameter"><b>Shoots </b>determinate (entire plant dying after several years of spore production) or indeterminate (entire plant not dying after several years), clustered to decumbent, round in cross-section, equally dichotomously branched, 2–16 mm diam. including leaves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf orientation;leaf orientation;leaf shape;leaf shape;leaf architecture;leaf variability;rank fusion;growth pattern character;growth pattern duration"><b>Leaves </b>not in distinct ranks [ranked], not imbricate [imbricate], appressed, ascending to spreading, triangular, lanceolate to oblanceolate, monomorphic or varying in size according to seasonal growth patterns;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf life cycle;leaf size;leaf life cycle;margin architecture or shape;margin relief or texture">juvenile (basal or proximal) leaves mostly larger than mature (terminal or distal) leaves, margins irregularly dentate to entire, ± irregularly roughened by papillae formed by marginal cells.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="branchlet architecture;gemma architecture;gemma fixation;gemma architecture;gemma life cycle;gemma shape;gemma length;gemma width;gemma position;gemma quantity;leaf quantity;leaf shape;lateral leaf quantity;lateral leaf shape;lateral leaf quantity;lateral leaf size;lateral leaf quantity"><b>Gemmiferous </b>branchlets and attached gemmae formed among leaves in same phyllotactic spiral, gemmae articulate and abscising at maturity, deltoid, 2.5–6 × 3–6 mm, with 4 leaves flattened into 1 plane, 2 large lateral leaves, and 1 abaxial, 1 adaxial leaf.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="sporangium shape;leaf development;leaf size;leaf reproduction;shoot arrangement"><b>Sporangia </b>reniform, borne individually at adaxial base of unmodified or reduced leaf, fertile leaves in zones or scattered along shoot.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="spore relief;spore architecture;side shape;angle architecture or shape"><b>Spores </b>pitted to shallowly grooved, sides at equator concave, angles truncate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="gametophyte structure in adjective form;gametophyte location;gametophyte architecture;gametophyte arrangement;paraphyse quantity;paraphyse architecture or arrangement"><b>Gametophytes </b>nonphotosynthetic, mycorrhizal, subterranean, unbranched, linear to elliptic in outline, paraphyses numerous, uniseriate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="">ring meristem absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="ring meristem presence;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">x = 67, 68.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Temperate;alpine;and arctic regions;and tropical Asian mountains
|discussion=<p>We distinguish the temperate and arctic Huperzia as a distinct genus because of its many differences from the tropical epiphytes, in particular the remarkably complex and specialized shoots, gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae, and the unbranched gametophytes.</p><!--
--><p>In the area of central to northwestern Canada, numerous scattered collections of plants of this genus were formerly identified as Huperzia selago. Although many of them may be that species, a strong possibility exists that other, rather similar species may be represented. A careful study of materials from Saskatchewan, northern Alberta, northern Manitoba, and Mackenzie and Keewatin districts of the Northwest Territories, and perhaps a wider area, is needed. Collectors are urged to take samples from as many localities as possible. The general area is shown in the map for H. selago (cf. W. J. Cody and D. M. Britton 1989).</p><!--
--><p>Hybrids between species of North American Huperzia are extremely common. They are recognizable as hybrids because, in this genus (as opposed to Diphasiastrum and Lycopodiella), they usually have abortive spores that vary greatly in size and shape. The abortion of spores can be recognized readily under a high-powered dissecting microscope or a low-powered compound microscope. In all cases, the hybrids are intermediate in characters: if one parent has numerous teeth on the leaf margins and the other has entire margins, the hybrid will have few, inconspicuous teeth; if one parent has oblanceolate leaves, the other subulate leaves, the hybrid will have narrowly lanceolate leaves. In our descriptions we have not included the shape and dimensions of the gemmae of the different species, but they do differ in size, overall outlines, and gemmae leaf shapes; the hybrids are intermediate in these characters.</p><!--
--><p>In the flora, Huperzia includes at least one sexual allopolyploid and six sterile hybrid taxa that reproduce by gemmae. Because of the subtle differences among the basic species and their propensity to form vegetatively reproducing hybrids, most Huperzia species and hybrids (except H. lucidula) have been confused with H. selago, populations of which are confined to northeastern North America. Many of the sterile hybrids often occur at considerable distances from the parents, suggesting that wind may disperse the gemmae. The aerodynamics involved would be an interesting subject for study. Spores of two species coming together at the same site by long-distance dispersal may also explain some disjunctions.</p><!--
--><p>Species 10–15 (7 in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=stevenson1976a
|text=Stevenson, D. W. 1976. Observations on phyllotaxis, stelar morphology, the shoot apex and gemmae of Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux (Lycopodiaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 72: 81--100.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ulrike1987a
|text=Ulrike, R. 1987. Growth patterns of gemmlings of Lycopodium lucidulum. Amer. Fern J. 77: 50--57.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=waterway1986a
|text=Waterway, M. J. 1986. A reevaluation of Lycopodium porophilum and its relationship to L. lucidulum (Lycopodiaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 263--276.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves narrowly obovate, teeth 1–8, irregular; stomates abaxial; spores (23–)24–26(–29) µm.
|[[Huperzia lucidula|Huperzia lucidula]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire or with 1– 3 low teeth; stomates on both surfaces; spores 25– 41 µm.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Largest leaves oblanceolate; shoots 12–20 cm; mainly terrestrial in shaded forests along streams.
|[[Huperzia occidentalis|Huperzia occidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Largest leaves lanceolate or widest at base, or sides nearly parallel; shoots mainly 8–15 cm (except H. miyoshiana to 25 cm); mainly of rocky cliffs and talus habitats, or acidic bogs, ditches, meadows, and marshes.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Largest leaves lanceolate with sides nearly parallel much of length; stomates 1–25 per 1/2 leaf on adaxial surface.
|[[Huperzia porophila|Huperzia porophila]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Largest leaves lanceolate to ovate or nearly triangular and widest at base or sides nearly parallel much of length; stomates more than 30 per 1/2 leaf on adaxial surface.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Shoots with weak annual constrictions; gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae formed in 1 pseudowhorl at end of annual growth.
|[[Huperzia selago|Huperzia selago]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Shoots without annual constrictions; gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae produced in 1–3 pseudowhorls at end of annual growth or throughout mature shoots.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Mature distal leaves mostly 2–3.5 mm, somewhat triangular.
|[[Huperzia appalachiana|Huperzia appalachiana]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Mature distal leaves mostly 3.5–5.5 mm, lanceolate or ovate.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Mature shoots 12–18(–25) cm; gemmae in 2–3 pseudowhorls at end of annual growth; gemma lateral leaves 1.2–1.8 mm wide; mostly mossy boulders and marshes in conifer forests.
|[[Huperzia miyoshiana|Huperzia miyoshiana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Mature shoots 8–11 cm; gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae produced throughout mature portion of shoot; gemma lateral leaves 1.5–2 mm wide; alpine and subalpine mossy meadows.
|[[Huperzia haleakalae|Huperzia haleakalae]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Huperzia
|authority=Bernhardi
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Lycopodiaceae
|distribution=Temperate;alpine;and arctic regions;and tropical Asian mountains
|reference=stevenson1976a;ulrike1987a;waterway1986a
|publication title=J. Bot. (Schrader)
|publication year=1816
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V2/V2_731.xml
|genus=Huperzia
|angle architecture or shape=truncate
|branchlet architecture=gemmiferous
|cortex orientation=downward
|gametophyte architecture=unbranched
|gametophyte arrangement=linear;elliptic
|gametophyte location=subterranean
|gametophyte structure in adjective form=mycorrhizal
|gemma architecture=articulate;gemmiferous
|gemma fixation=attached
|gemma length=2.5mm;6mm
|gemma life cycle=abscising
|gemma position=abaxial
|gemma quantity=1
|gemma shape=deltoid
|gemma width=3mm;6mm
|growth pattern character=size
|growth pattern duration=according-to-seasonal
|lateral leaf quantity=1;2;1
|lateral leaf shape=plane
|lateral leaf size=large
|leaf architecture=monomorphic
|leaf arrangement=not imbricate
|leaf development=unmodified
|leaf life cycle=mature;juvenile
|leaf orientation=ascending;spreading
|leaf quantity=4
|leaf reproduction=fertile
|leaf shape=flattened;lanceolate;oblanceolate
|leaf size=reduced;mostly larger
|leaf variability=varying
|margin architecture or shape=irregularly dentate;entire
|margin relief or texture=roughened
|paraphyse architecture or arrangement=uniseriate
|paraphyse quantity=numerous
|rank fusion=distinct
|ring meristem presence=absent
|root position relational=level
|shoot architecture=branched
|shoot arrangement=scattered
|shoot development=indeterminate;determinate
|shoot diameter=2mm;16mm
|shoot growth form=clustered;decumbent
|shoot shape=round
|side shape=concave
|sporangium shape=reniform
|spore architecture=grooved
|spore relief=pitted
|stem orientation=horizontal
|stem presence=absent
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism growth form or habitat=on rock;terrestrial
|whole_organism orientation=erect;decumbent
|x chromosome quantity=68;67
}}<!--

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