View source for Hypnaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Hypnaceae
|accepted_authority=Schimper
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Hypnaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Hypnaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 28
|mention_page=page 282, 338, 484, 516, 522, 524, 554, 574, 578, 581, 611
|treatment_page=page 515
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism size;whole_organism architecture or arrangement;whole_organism density;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism coloration;whole_organism reflectance;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>small to large, lax to dense, in tufts or mats, dark green, yellow-green, golden green, or orange, sometimes reddish-brown or nearly black, often lustrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture or shape;stem architecture or shape"><b>Stems </b>creeping, suberect, or erect, occasionally complanate-foliate or julaceous, irregularly branched to regularly 1-pinnate or 2-pinnate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="hyalodermi architecture;hyalodermi presence;central strand presence;central strand presence">hyalodermis 1-stratose or absent, central strand present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="pseudoparaphyllium texture;pseudoparaphyllium architecture;pseudoparaphyllium presence">pseudoparaphyllia filamentous, foliose, or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="rhizoid position;rhizoid relief;rhizoid relief">rhizoids often in clusters proximal to juncture of leaves on adaxial surface of stems and branches, smooth or papillose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="hair basal-cell atypical quantity;hair basal-cell quantity;hair basal-cell height or length or size;hair basal-cell coloration;distal cell quantity;distal cell shape;distal cell coloration">axillary hair basal-cells 1–2 (–4), short, brown, distal cells 1–several, elongate, hyaline.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="stem variability;stem course;stem arrangement;stem shape;stem architecture or shape;stem shape;stem shape;stem shape;stem shape;stem shape;stem architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation;branch leaf variability;branch leaf course;branch leaf arrangement;branch leaf shape;branch leaf architecture or shape;branch leaf shape;branch leaf shape;branch leaf shape;branch leaf shape;branch leaf shape;branch leaf architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation"><b>Stem </b>and branch leaves similar or less commonly differentiated, straight to homomallous, often falcate-secund, usually ovatelanceolate, often asymmetric, sometimes linear, lanceolate, or triangular, occasionally plicate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="base shape">base sometimes decurrent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="margin shape;margin orientation;margin shape;margin shape">margins often plane, occasionally recurved proximally or throughout, entire or toothed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="apex shape">apex obtuse to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="">costa double, short, to obscure or ecostate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="costa height or length or size;costa prominence;costa prominence;cell variability;cell shape;cell size;cell shape;cell coloration;cell coloration;cell architecture;cell shape">alar cells usually differentiated, often quadrate to short-rectangular, sometimes enlarged and inflated, pigmented or similar in color to other cells, excavate or plane;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="">medial and distal laminal cells linear, hexagonal, or elongate-sinuate, smooth, sometimes prorulose at distal ends on abaxial surface.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="propagulum reproduction;propagulum architecture;gemma texture;gemma arrangement or growth form"><b>Specialized </b>asexual reproduction sometimes by leafy propagula or filamentous gemmae clustered in leaf-axils.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="medial and distal laminal cell shape;medial and distal laminal cell shape;medial and distal laminal cell shape;medial and distal laminal cell shape;medial and distal laminal cell shape;medial and distal laminal cell architecture or pubescence or relief;medial and distal laminal cell development;medial and distal laminal cell reproduction;medial and distal laminal cell reproduction;medial and distal laminal cell reproduction"><b>Sexual </b>condition autoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="seta shape;seta architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Seta </b>elongate, smooth (occasionally scabrous near capsule in Ctenidium).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule orientation;capsule shape;capsule shape;capsule architecture or pubescence or relief;capsule size"><b>Capsule </b>inclined, horizontal, or sometimes erect, cylindric or ovoid, usually smooth, often constricted below mouth when dry and empty;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="operculum shape;operculum shape">operculum conic or rostrate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="">peristome usually double;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="exostome tooth quantity;external surface coloration;external surface relief;external surface architecture;internal surface architecture">exostome teeth 16, external surface cross striate basally, papillose distally, sometimes bordered, internal surface often trabeculate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="endostome fusion;endostome fusion;basal membrane height;basal membrane position;segment quantity;cilium quantity;cilium shape;cilium prominence;cilium presence">endostome usually free, sometimes fused to exostome, basal membrane high or rarely low, segments 16, cilia 1–3, nodose, rarely rudimentary or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="calyptra shape;calyptra architecture or pubescence or relief;calyptra architecture;calyptra pubescence"><b>Calyptra </b>cucullate, smooth (weakly prorulose distally in Ctenidium), naked or rarely hairy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="spore shape;spore relief;spore architecture or pubescence or relief"><b>Spores </b>spheric to ovoid, usually finely papillose, rarely smooth.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;most diverse in subtropics and tropics
|discussion=<p>Genera 60, species ca. 600 (19 genera, 62 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Hypnaceae are taxonomically problematic; the family once held a high proportion of pleurocarpous species, but as genera are monographed, they are often placed in other families. The distinctive hypnoid peristome has been used as a significant feature, but this is not entirely reliable.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems with hyalodermis present, sometimes indistinct
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stems with hyalodermis absent
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Laminal cells minutely granular papillose; plants large; leaves undulate.
|[[Buckiella|Buckiella]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Laminal cells smooth or rarely minutely prorulose; plants small to medium-sized; leaves not undulate
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pseudoparaphyllia present, filamentous to foliose.
|[[Hypnum|Hypnum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pseudoparaphyllia absent (present in Herzogiella adscendens)
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf margins serrulate to serrate (serrulate to entire in H. adscendens); asexual propagula absent.
|[[Herzogiella|Herzogiella]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf margins entire or minutely serrulate; asexual propagula sometimes present.
|[[Isopterygiopsis|Isopterygiopsis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Laminal cells with abaxial surface prominently prorulose
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Laminal cells smooth or prorulose
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Laminal cells prorulose at distal and sometimes proximal ends; leaves straight.
|[[Chryso-hypnum|Chryso-hypnum]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Laminal cells prorulose at distal ends; leaves falcate.
|[[Ctenidium|Ctenidium]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Basal row of laminal cells with 1 large prorula at proximal end on abaxial surface.
|[[Dacryophyllum|Dacryophyllum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Basal row of laminal cells smooth
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf apices bluntly obtuse to broadly acute.
|[[Bryocrumia|Bryocrumia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf apices acute to acuminate, rarely subobtuse
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Lateral and dorsal leaf shape strongly differentiated
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Lateral and dorsal leaf shape not strongly differentiated
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Laminal cell walls thick; medial cells linear.
|[[Gollania|Gollania]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Laminal cell walls thin; medial cells at least of lateral leaves relatively short.
|[[Vesicularia|Vesicularia]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Brood branchlets present at branch apices.
|[[Platygyrium|Platygyrium]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Brood branchlets absent at branch apices
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pseudoparaphyllia filamentous, 1 (or 2)-seriate at base.
|[[Isopterygium|Isopterygium]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Pseudoparaphyllia foliose or absent
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Distal laminal cells ca. 4-6:1.
|[[Homomallium|Homomallium]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Distal laminal cells usually longer than 6:1
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually widest at base; alar cells not or poorly differentiated.
|[[Orthothecium|Orthothecium]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Leaves lanceolate to ovate, widest beyond base; alar cells mostly differentiated
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Plants large; stems suberect to ascending, pinnate, forming fronds; leaves strongly plicate.
|[[Ptilium|Ptilium]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Plants usually small or medium-sized, if large, not forming fronds; stems creeping, irregularly branched or sometimes regularly pinnate; leaves not to weakly plicate
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Asexual reproductive bodies present in leaf axils, occasionally stem apices.
|[[Pseudotaxiphyllum|Pseudotaxiphyllum]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Asexual reproductive bodies absent
|[[#key-0-17| > 17]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Branches usually strongly curled when dry; capsules erect to suberect, straight; exostome teeth smooth basally.
|[[Pylaisia|Pylaisia]]
|-id=key-0-17
|17
|Branches not curled when dry; capsules erect to cernuous, often curved; exostome teeth usually cross striolate basally
|[[#key-0-18| > 18]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stems somewhat complanate-foliate; leaf margins entire; capsules suberect or somewhat inclined, not or weakly curved.
|[[Callicladium|Callicladium]]
|-id=key-0-18
|18
|Stems not complanate-foliate or if so, leaf margins serrulate to serrate; capsules inclined, usually curved
|[[#key-0-19| > 19]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Stems pinnate or irregularly branched, rarely subjulaceous; leaves usually spreading.
|[[Hypnum|Hypnum]]
|-id=key-0-19
|19
|Stems simple or sparingly and irregularly branched, sometimes julaceous or subjulaceous; leaves complanate.
|[[Taxiphyllum|Taxiphyllum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Hypnaceae
|author=Wilfred B. Schofield†;William R. Buck;Robert R. Ireland Jr.
|authority=Schimper
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Hypnaceae
|illustrator=Patricia M. Eckel
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=Nearly worldwide;most diverse in subtropics and tropics
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V28/V28_799.xml
|apex shape=obtuse;acuminate
|basal membrane height=high
|basal membrane position=low
|base shape=decurrent
|branch leaf architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation=plicate
|branch leaf architecture or shape=asymmetric
|branch leaf arrangement=falcate-secund
|branch leaf course=straight
|branch leaf shape=triangular;lanceolate;triangular;lanceolate;linear;ovatelanceolate
|branch leaf variability=differentiated
|calyptra architecture=naked
|calyptra architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|calyptra pubescence=hairy
|calyptra shape=cucullate
|capsule architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|capsule orientation=erect;horizontal;inclined
|capsule shape=ovoid;cylindric
|capsule size=constricted
|cell architecture=excavate
|cell coloration=similar;pigmented
|cell shape=plane;inflated;quadrate;short-rectangular
|cell size=enlarged
|cell variability=differentiated
|central strand presence=absent;absent
|cilium presence=absent
|cilium prominence=rudimentary
|cilium quantity=1;3
|cilium shape=nodose
|costa height or length or size=short
|costa prominence=ecostate;obscure
|distal cell coloration=hyaline
|distal cell quantity=1;several
|distal cell shape=elongate
|endostome fusion=fused;free
|exostome tooth quantity=16
|external surface architecture=bordered
|external surface coloration=cross striate
|external surface relief=papillose
|gemma arrangement or growth form=clustered
|gemma texture=filamentous
|hair basal-cell atypical quantity=2;4
|hair basal-cell coloration=brown
|hair basal-cell height or length or size=short
|hair basal-cell quantity=1;2
|hyalodermi architecture=1-stratose
|hyalodermi presence=absent
|internal surface architecture=trabeculate
|margin orientation=recurved
|margin shape=toothed;entire;plane
|medial and distal laminal cell architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|medial and distal laminal cell development=specialized
|medial and distal laminal cell reproduction=dioicous;autoicous;sexual
|medial and distal laminal cell shape=elongate-sinuate;hexagonal;elongate-sinuate;hexagonal;linear
|operculum shape=rostrate;conic
|propagulum architecture=leafy
|propagulum reproduction=asexual
|pseudoparaphyllium architecture=foliose
|pseudoparaphyllium presence=absent
|pseudoparaphyllium texture=filamentous
|rhizoid position=proximal
|rhizoid relief=papillose;smooth
|segment quantity=16
|seta architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|seta shape=elongate
|spore architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|spore relief=papillose
|spore shape=spheric;ovoid
|stem architecture=branched;julaceous;complanate-foliate
|stem architecture or arrangement or shape or vernation=plicate
|stem architecture or shape=asymmetric;2-pinnate;1-pinnate
|stem arrangement=falcate-secund
|stem course=straight
|stem orientation=erect;suberect;erect;suberect;creeping
|stem shape=triangular;lanceolate;triangular;lanceolate;linear;ovatelanceolate
|stem variability=differentiated
|whole_organism architecture or arrangement=lax
|whole_organism coloration=black;reddish-brown;orange;golden green;orange;golden green;yellow-green;dark green
|whole_organism density=dense
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism reflectance=lustrous
|whole_organism size=small;large
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]]