View source for Jatropha

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Jatropha
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=2: 1006. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Euphorbiaceae;Jatropha
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Euphorbiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Jatropha]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek iatros, physician, and trophe, food, alluding to use of J. curcas as purgative
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 157, 159, 199
|treatment_page=page 198
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, shrubs, or trees, perennial, monoecious or dioecious [gynodioecious];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="hair architecture;hair architecture or function or pubescence;hair presence">hairs unbranched, sometimes glandular, or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="latex coloration;latex coloration;latex coloration;latex coloration;latex coloration;latex coloration">latex colorless, cloudy-whitish, yellow, or red.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture or arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous or persistent, alternate but sometimes appearing fascicled, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule presence;stipule duration;stipule duration">stipules absent or present, persistent or deciduous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence;gland presence;gland length">petiole absent or present, glands absent at apex, sometimes stipitate-glandular along length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape">blade unlobed or palmately lobed, margins entire, serrate, or dentate, laminar glands absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="laminar gland presence;laminar gland architecture;laminar gland architecture">venation pinnate or palmate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence position;inflorescence position;cyme arrangement;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>unisexual or bisexual (pistillate flowers central, staminate lateral), axillary or terminal, cymes or fascicles, or flowers solitary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="gland position;bract presence">glands subtending each bract 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal arrangement;sepal fusion;sepal fusion;sepal length"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals 5, imbricate, distinct or connate to 1/2 length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;petal quantity;petal length;petal length;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals 5, distinct or connate basally to most of length, white, greenish yellow, pink, red, or purple [yellow, yellowbrown, orange, or 2-colored];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary position;nectary shape;nectary shape;nectary shape;gland quantity">nectary extrastaminal, annular and 5-lobed or of 5 glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen quantity;stamen length;stamen length;whorl quantity">stamens [6–] 8 or 10 in 1–2 whorls, distinct or connate basally to most of length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillode absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal arrangement;sepal fusion;sepal fusion;sepal length"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals 5, imbricate, distinct or connate to 1/2 length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;petal quantity;petal length;petal length;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration">petals 5, distinct or connate basally to most of length, white, greenish yellow, pink, red, or purple [yellow, yellowbrown, orange, or 2-colored];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary shape;nectary shape;nectary quantity">nectary annular and 5-lobed or 5 glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode presence">staminodes sometimes present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil architecture">pistil 1–3-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;style atypical quantity;style quantity;style length;style length;style shape">styles (1–) 3, distinct or connate basally to most of length [absent], 2-fid.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="fruits capsule texture;fruits capsule dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, ± fleshy, sometimes tardily dehiscent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>ellipsoid to globose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="">caruncle present (sometimes rudimentary) or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="caruncle presence;caruncle presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 11.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=s United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;s Asia (India);Africa;elsewhere in Asia;Pacific Islands;Australia;tropical and subtropical regions
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 190 (10 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Some species of Jatropha are cultivated as ornamentals throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, notably J. integerrima, J. multifida, and J. podagrica Hooker. These and J. curcas Linnaeus and J. gossypiifolia Linnaeus have escaped from cultivation in subtropical regions. Jatropha curcas (physic nut), which probably originated in Central America, is now pantropical and is extensively cultivated for production of biodiesel from its seeds, which are also eaten as roasted nuts and used as a purgative and for other medicinal purposes. More than 50 New World species are known from cultivation in the United States, either as ornamentals or for medicinal purposes, many of which are being studied. Some African species are in cultivation, primarily by collectors of succulent plants.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=dehgan1979a
|text=Dehgan, B. and G. L. Webster. 1979. Morphology and infrageneric relationships of the genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 74: 1–73.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dehgan1994a
|text=Dehgan, B. and B. Schutzman. 1994. Contributions toward a monograph of neotropical Jatropha: Phenetic and phylogenetic analysis. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 349–367.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=dehgan201a
|text=Dehgan, B. 201. Jatropha. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica. 110+ nos. New York. No. 110.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mcvaugh1945a
|text=McVaugh, R. 1945. The genus Jatropha in America: Principal intergeneric groups. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 271–294.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Perennial herbs or rhizomatous subshrubs to 1 m; stems herbaceous or rubbery-succulent.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Perennial herbs with subterranean caudices, to 0.5 m; stems green; plants monoecious; carpels 3.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Caudices woody, stem scars crescent-shaped; leaf blades lobed nearly to base; corollas deep red; stamens distinct at maturity; Texas.
|[[Jatropha cathartica|Jatropha cathartica]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Caudices ± fleshy, stem scars round; leaf blades lobed to middle; corollas light pink; stamens: outer 5 distinct, inner 3 connate to 1/2 length; Arizona, New Mexico, Texas.
|[[Jatropha macrorhiza|Jatropha macrorhiza]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Rhizomatous subshrubs 0.5–1 m; stems reddish brown; plants dioecious; carpel 1.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petioles 1–2.5 cm; leaf blades widely ovate-deltate, 1.5–2.6 cm wide, unlobed, margins sinuate to weakly serrate-crenate; Arizona.
|[[Jatropha cardiophylla|Jatropha cardiophylla]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petioles 0–0.2 cm; leaf blades linear-spatulate to narrowly obovate, 0.2–0.7 cm wide, sometimes 3-lobed, margins entire; Texas.
|[[Jatropha dioica|Jatropha dioica]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Shrubs or trees, 1–10 m; stems woody or woody-succulent.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Short shoots present; plants dioecious; corollas usually white, sometimes pinkish, petals connate 1/2+ length; Arizona.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Latex cloudy-whitish; leaves mostly ± evenly distributed on long shoots, few on short shoots, petioles 1.3–3 cm, blades cordate to broadly ovate, 2.2–3.5 × 1.6–3 cm, canescent abaxially, sparingly hairy adaxially; corollas subglobose-urceolate; carpels 2.
|[[Jatropha canescens|Jatropha canescens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Latex yellow in young shoots, red in older shoots; leaves usually fascicled on short shoots, petioles 0(–0.2) cm, blades obovate-spatulate, 0.7–1.9 × 0.3–0.9 cm, glabrous; corollas tubular-urceolate; carpel 1.
|[[Jatropha cuneata|Jatropha cuneata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Short shoots absent; plants monoecious; corollas greenish yellow, pink, red, orange, or purple, petals distinct or connate to 1/2 length; Florida.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stipules persistent, filiform-divided; stamens 8; styles distinct or connate to 1/4 length.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stipules, petioles, and/or leaf margins glandular; leaf blade 3–5-lobed; petals connate 1/4–1/2 length.
|[[Jatropha gossypiifolia|Jatropha gossypiifolia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Stipules, petioles, and leaf margins not glandular; leaf blade 9–11-lobed; petals distinct.
|[[Jatropha multifida|Jatropha multifida]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Stipules caducous (narrowly lanceolate) or absent; stamens 10; styles connate 1/2+ length.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Shrubs 2.5–5 m; corollas rotate, bright red to scarlet or pink; capsules explosively dehiscent.
|[[Jatropha integerrima|Jatropha integerrima]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Trees to 10 m; corollas campanulate, greenish yellow; capsules drupaceous.
|[[Jatropha curcas|Jatropha curcas]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Jatropha
|author=Bijan Dehgan
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Euphorbiaceae
|distribution=s United States;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;s Asia (India);Africa;elsewhere in Asia;Pacific Islands;Australia;tropical and subtropical regions
|reference=dehgan1979a;dehgan1994a;dehgan201a;mcvaugh1945a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_700.xml
|genus=Jatropha
|blade shape=lobed;unlobed
|bract presence=absent
|caruncle presence=absent;absent
|cyme arrangement=fascicles
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|fruits capsule dehiscence=dehiscent
|fruits capsule texture=fleshy
|gland length=stipitate-glandular
|gland position=subtending
|gland presence=absent
|gland quantity=5
|hair architecture=unbranched
|hair architecture or function or pubescence=glandular
|hair presence=absent
|inflorescence position=terminal;axillary
|inflorescence reproduction=bisexual;unisexual
|laminar gland architecture=palmate;pinnate
|laminar gland presence=absent
|latex coloration=red;yellow;red;yellow;cloudy-whitish;colorless
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf architecture or arrangement=fascicled
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=persistent;deciduous
|margin architecture or shape=dentate;serrate;entire
|nectary position=extrastaminal
|nectary quantity=5
|nectary shape=5-lobed;annular;of 5 glands;5-lobed;annular
|pedicel presence=absent
|petal coloration=purple;red;purple;red;pink;greenish yellow;white;purple;red;purple;red;pink;greenish yellow;white
|petal length=connate;distinct;connate;distinct
|petal quantity=5;5
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|pistil architecture=1-3-carpellate
|pistillode presence=absent
|seed shape=ellipsoid;globose
|sepal arrangement=imbricate;imbricate
|sepal fusion=connate;distinct;connate;distinct
|sepal length=0;1/2
|sepal quantity=5;5
|stamen atypical quantity=6;8
|stamen length=connate;distinct
|stamen quantity=10;8
|staminode presence=absent
|stipule duration=deciduous;persistent
|stipule presence=absent;absent
|style atypical quantity=1;3
|style length=connate;distinct
|style quantity=3
|style shape=2-fid
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub;subshrub;herb
|whole_organism reproduction=dioecious;monoecious
|whorl quantity=1;2
|x chromosome quantity=11
}}<!--

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