View source for Leymus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Leymus
|accepted_authority=Hochst.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Triticeae;Leymus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Triticeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Leymus]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 353
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">sometimes cespitose, often rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement;culm orientation"><b>Culms </b>10-350 cm, erect, with extravaginal branching.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>basal or evenly distributed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="sheath architecture">sheaths open;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="auricle presence">auricles usually present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="ligule texture;ligule shape">ligules membranous, truncate to rounded;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade fragility;vein size;vein arrangement;vein architecture or shape;vein size;vein arrangement;vein architecture or shape">blades often stiff, adaxial surfaces usually with subequal, closely spaced, prominently ribbed veins, sometimes with unequal, widely spaced, not prominently ribbed veins.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="spike arrangement;spikelet quantity;spikelet atypical quantity;spikelet quantity"><b>Inflorescences </b>usually distichous spikes with 1-8 spikelets per node, sometimes panicles with (2) 3-35 spikelets associated with each rachis node;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="edge pubescence;edge pubescence">rachises with scabrous or ciliate edges;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="internode atypical some measurement;internode some measurement">internodes 3.5-12 (15) mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="spikelet length;spikelet architecture;spikelet architecture;pedicel some measurement;pedicel orientation;floret quantity"><b>Spikelets </b>1/2 - 33/4 times the length of the rachis internodes, usually sessile, sometimes pedicellate, pedicels to 5 mm, appressed to ascending, with 2-12 florets, the terminal floret usually reduced;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="terminal floret size">disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the florets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="glume quantity;glume variability;glume size;glume size;glume presence;glume shape;glume width;glume shape;glume shape;vein position;vein position;vein pubescence;vein pubescence;vein pubescence or relief;vein architecture;vein prominence;vein position;vein shape;vein course;vein shape;vein shape;vein shape;vein architecture or shape;vein some measurement;keel position;keel position;keel pubescence;keel pubescence;keel pubescence or relief;keel architecture;keel prominence;keel position;keel shape;keel course;keel shape;keel shape;keel shape;keel architecture or shape;keel some measurement;apex position;apex position;apex pubescence;apex pubescence;apex pubescence or relief;apex architecture;apex prominence;apex position;apex shape;apex course;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex architecture or shape;apex some measurement;awn position;awn position;awn pubescence;awn pubescence;awn pubescence or relief;awn architecture;awn prominence;awn position;awn shape;awn course;awn shape;awn shape;awn shape;awn architecture or shape;awn some measurement;tip shape"><b>Glumes </b>usually 2, usually equal to subequal, the lower or both glumes sometimes reduced or absent, lanceolate and narrowing in the distal 1/4, or lanceolate to subulate and tapering from below midlength, pilose or glabrous, sometimes scabrous, 0-3 (7) -veined, veins evident at least at midlength, sometimes keeled, keels straight or almost so, apices acute, acuminate, or tapering to an awnlike tip, if distinctly awned, awns to 4 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence or relief;lemma architecture;lemma shape;lemma shape;keel pubescence or relief;apex shape;apex architecture or shape;awn some measurement;awn some measurement;awn course">lemmas glabrous or with hairs, sometimes scabrous distally, inconspicuously 5-7-veined, rounded over the back proximally, sometimes keeled distally, keels not conspicuously scabrous distally, apices acute, unawned or awned, awns usually to 7 mm, sometimes 16-33 mm, straight;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="palea height or length or size;lemma length or size;lemma length or size;keel pubescence or relief;keel architecture or pubescence or shape">paleas slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the lemmas, keels usually scabrous or ciliate on the distal portion, sometimes throughout;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="lodicule quantity;lodicule pubescence;lodicule shape">lodicules 2, shortly hairy, lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="anther quantity;anther some measurement">anthers 3, 2.5-10 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="apex pubescence;x chromosome quantity"><b>Caryopses </b>with hairy apices, x = 7.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties=""><b>Haplomes </b>NsNs or NsXm (see below).</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Wash.;Maine;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nebr.;Utah;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Oreg.;Minn.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;N.Y.;Pa.;Wyo.;Calif.;Mont.;Nev.;Conn.;Colo.;Alaska;S.Dak.;Mass.;Ill.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mich.
|discussion=<p>Leymus is a genus of approximately 50 species; all are native to temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere. They are most abundant in eastern Asia, with North America being a secondary center. Of the 17 species treated, 11 are native to the Flora region, 4 are introduced, and 2 are naturally occurring hybrids.</p><!--
--><p>Most species of Leymus, including most North American species, grow well in alkaline soils. They are used for soil stabilization and forage. All the species are self-incompatible, outcrossing polyploids. One of the haplomes present is the Ns genome; this genome is also found in Psathyrostachys, most species of which are diploids. There is disagreement concerning the second haplome. Wang and Jensen (1994) argued that there are two different haplomes present, the origin of the second one being unknown and designated Xm. Bodvarsdottir and Anamthawat-Jonsson (2003) found no molecular probes that would distinguish between the two genera, from which they argued that Leymus is a segmental allopolyploid with only one basic haplome, Ns. Morphologically, Psathyrostachys and Leymus are very similar, the major differences being that Psathyrostachys is never rhizomatous, has disarticulating rachises, and, usually, distinctly awned lemmas.</p><!--
--><p>Leymus arenarius and L. mollis are sometimes mistaken for Ammophila, which grows in the same habitats and has a similar habit. Ammophila differs from Leymus, however, in having only one floret per spikelet.</p><!--
--><p>In most species of Leymus, at least some of the spikelets are on pedicels up to 2 mm long. Despite this, it is customary to identify the inflorescence of such species as a spike rather than a raceme, as is done in this treatment. Culm thicknesses are measured on the lower internodes. Descriptions of rachis nodes, unless stated otherwise, apply to the internodes at midspike.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=anamthawat-jonsson2005a
|text=Anamthawat-Jonsson, K. 2005. The Leymus Ns-genome. Czech J. Genet. PI. Breed. 41(Special Issue):13-20
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=barkworth1984b
|text=Barkworth, M.E. and R.J. Atkins. 1984. Leymus Hochst. (Gramineae: Triticeae) in North America: Taxonomy and distribution. Amer. J. Bot. 71:609-625
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bodvarsdottir2003b
|text=Bodvarsdottir, S.K. and K. Anamthawat-Jonsson. 2003. Isolation, characterization, and analysis of Leymus-specific DNA sequences. Genome 46:673-682
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bowden1957a
|text=Bowden, W.M. 1957. Cytotaxonomy of section Psammelymus of the genus Elymus. Canad. J. Bot. 35:951-993
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bowden1959a
|text=Bowden, W.M. 1959. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses: I. Tribe Triticeae. Canad. J. Bot. 37:1143-1151
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=chen2006c
|text=Chen, S.-L. and G.-H. Zhu. 2006. Leymus. Pp. 386-394 in Z.-Y. Wu, PH. Raven, and D.-Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China, vol. 22 (Poaceae). Science Press, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 653 pp. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume22/index.htm
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hole1999a
|text=Hole, D.J., K.B. Jensen, R.R.-C. Wang, and S.M. Clawson. 1999. Molecular analysis of Leymus flavescens and chromosome pairing in Leymus flavescens hybrids (Poaceae: Triticeae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 160:371-376
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jensen1997a
|text=Jensen, K.B. and R.R.-C. Wang. 1997. Cytological and molecular evidence for transferring Elymus coreanus from the genus Elymus to Leymus and molecular evidence for Elymus californicus (Poaceae: Triticeae). Int. J. Pi. Sci. 158:872-877
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mason-gamer2001b
|text=Mason-Gamer, R.J. 2001. Origin of North American Elymus (Poaceae:Triticeae) allotetraploids based on granule-bound starch synthase gene sequences. Syst. Bot. 26:757-768
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tsvelev1976a
|text=Tsvelev, N.N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 788 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tsvelev1995b
|text=Tsvelev, N.N. 1995. Leymus. Pp. 300-306 in J.G. Packer (ed., English edition). Flora of the Russian Arctic, vol. 1, trans. G.C.D. Griffiths. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 330 pp. [English translation of A.I. Tolmachev (ed.). 1964. Arkticheskaya Flora SSSR, vol. 2. Nauka, Leningrad [St. Petersburg], Russia. 272 pp.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wang1994a
|text=Wang, R.R.-C. and K.B. Jensen. 1994. Absence of J genome in Leymus species (Poaceae: Triticeae): Evidence from DNA hybridization and meiotic pairing. Genome 37:231-235
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wang2006a
|text=Wang, R.R.-C, J.-Y. Zhang, B.S. Lee, K.B. Jensen, M. Kishi, and H. Tsuijimoto. 2006. Variations in abundance of 2 repetitive sequences in Leymus and Psathyrostachys species. Genome 49:511-519
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=zhang1991a
|text=Zhang, H.B. and J. Dvorak. 1991. The genome origin of tetraploid species of Leymus (Poaceae: Triticeae) inferred from variation in repeated nucleotide sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 78:871-884.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glumes absent or shorter than 1 mm; lemmas awned, awns 16-33 mm long
|[[Leymus californicus|Leymus californicus]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Glumes developed, 3+ mm long, at least 1 on each spikelet; lemmas unawned or awned, awns to 7 mm long. 2. Glumes flat or rounded on the back, tapering from midlength or above, flexible, the central portion scarcely thicker than the margins
|[[Leymus mollis|Leymus mollis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Glumes keeled, at least distally, tapering from below midlength, stiff, the central portion thicker than the margins.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Anthers usually indehiscent; plants rhizomatous, restricted to coastal regions from British Columbia to California.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glumes pubescent distally; lemmas awned, awns to 4 mm long; inflorescences spikes, not branched
|[[Leymus xvancouverensis|Leymus xvancouverensis]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glumes glabrous; lemmas acute to awned, awns to 1.8 mm long; inflorescences sometimes with strongly ascending branches
|[[Leymus xmultiflorus|Leymus xmultiflorus]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Anthers dehiscent; plants rhizomatous or cespitose, widespread, including coastal regions from British Columbia to California.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescences with 2-4 branches to 6 cm long at the proximal nodes; culms 115-350 cm tall
|[[Leymus condensatus|Leymus condensatus]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Inflorescences without branches; culms 10-270 cm tall.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lemmas densely hairy, hairs 0.7-3 mm long, occasionally glabrate.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Lemmas awned, awns 2-4 mm long; lemma hairs 0.7-2.5 mm long
|[[Leymus innovatus|Leymus innovatus]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Lemmas unawned or the awns to 2 mm long; lemma hairs 2-3 mm long
|[[Leymus flavescens|Leymus flavescens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Lemmas usually wholly or partly glabrous, or if hairy, the hairs shorter than 0.5(0.8) mm.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves equaling or exceeding the spikes; culms 10-30(60) cm tall; spikes 2-8 cm long, with 1-2 spikelets per node; plants of California coastal bluffs
|[[Leymus pacificus|Leymus pacificus]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaves exceeded by the spikes; culms 35-270 cm tall; spikes 3-35 cm long, with 1-8 spikelets per node; plants widespread in the western part of the Flora region, including the coastal bluffs of California.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants cespitose, not or weakly rhizomatous, culms several to many together.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Spikes with 2-7 spikelets per node; blades 3-12 mm wide; culms (70)100-270 cm tall
|[[Leymus cinereus|Leymus cinereus]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Spikes with 1 spikelet at the distal nodes, often at all nodes, sometimes with 2(3) at the lower nodes; blades 1-6 mm wide; culms 35-140 cm tall.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Blades with 5-9 adaxial veins; lemma awns to 2.5 mm long
|[[Leymus salina|Leymus salina]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Blades with (9)11-17 adaxial veins; lemma awns 1.3-7 mm long
|[[Leymus ambiguus|Leymus ambiguus]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants rhizomatous, culms solitary or few together.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Culms 1-3 mm thick; glumes 4-16 mm long.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikes with 1 spikelet at all or most nodes, sometimes with 2 at a few nodes; lemma awns 2.3-6.5 mm long; culms 35-55 cm tall
|[[Leymus simplex|Leymus simplex]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Spikes with 2+ spikelets at most nodes; lemma awns to 3 mm long; culms 45-125 cm tall.
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades usually with closely spaced, prominently ribbed, subequal veins; calluses usually glabrous, occasionally with a few hairs about 0.1 mm long
|[[Leymus triticoides|Leymus triticoides]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Adaxial surfaces of the blades usually with widely spaced, not prominently ribbed veins, the primary veins evidently larger than the intervening secondary veins; calluses with hairs about 0.2 mm long
|[[Leymus multicaulis|Leymus multicaulis]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Culms 2.5-12 mm thick; glumes 10-30 mm long.
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets 3-8 per node; lemmas hairy proximally, glabrous distally
|[[Leymus racemosus|Leymus racemosus]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Spikelets 2-3 per node; lemmas glabrous or hairy their whole length.
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Anthers 6-9 mm long; blades 3-11 mm wide; glumes with hairs to 1.3 mm long; plants established around the Great Lakes and the coast of Greenland, also found at a few other scattered locations, including western North America, sometimes cultivated
|[[Leymus arenarius|Leymus arenarius]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Anthers 3-5 mm long; blades 5-7 mm wide; glumes glabrous, sometimes scabrous; plants cultivated
|[[Leymus angustus|Leymus angustus]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Leymus
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;
|authority=Hochst.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Wash.;Maine;Wis.;Ariz.;Idaho;Nebr.;Utah;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Oreg.;Minn.;N.H.;N.Mex.;Tex.;N.Y.;Pa.;Wyo.;Calif.;Mont.;Nev.;Conn.;Colo.;Alaska;S.Dak.;Mass.;Ill.;Ind.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mich.
|reference=anamthawat-jonsson2005a;barkworth1984b;bodvarsdottir2003b;bowden1957a;bowden1959a;chen2006c;hole1999a;jensen1997a;mason-gamer2001b;tsvelev1976a;tsvelev1995b;wang1994a;wang2006a;zhang1991a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_505.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Triticeae
|genus=Leymus
|anther quantity=3
|anther some measurement=2.5mm;10mm
|apex architecture=0-3(7)-veined
|apex architecture or shape=awned;awned
|apex course=straight
|apex position=midlength;midlength;midlength
|apex prominence=evident
|apex pubescence=hairy;glabrous;pilose
|apex pubescence or relief=scabrous
|apex shape=acute;tapering;acuminate;acute;keeled
|apex some measurement=0mm;4mm
|auricle presence=absent
|awn architecture=0-3(7)-veined
|awn architecture or shape=awned
|awn course=straight;straight
|awn position=midlength;midlength;midlength
|awn prominence=evident
|awn pubescence=glabrous;pilose
|awn pubescence or relief=scabrous
|awn shape=tapering;acuminate;acute;keeled
|awn some measurement=16mm;33mm
|blade fragility=stiff
|culm orientation=erect
|culm some measurement=10cm;350cm
|edge pubescence=ciliate;scabrous
|floret quantity=2;12
|glume presence=absent
|glume quantity=2
|glume shape=tapering;lanceolate;subulate
|glume size=reduced;subequal
|glume variability=equal
|glume width=narrowing
|internode atypical some measurement=15
|internode some measurement=3.5mm;12mm
|keel architecture=0-3(7)-veined
|keel architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|keel architecture or shape=awned
|keel course=straight
|keel position=midlength;midlength;midlength
|keel prominence=evident
|keel pubescence=glabrous;pilose
|keel pubescence or relief=scabrous;scabrous;scabrous
|keel shape=tapering;acuminate;acute;keeled
|keel some measurement=0mm;4mm
|leaf arrangement=distributed
|leaf position=basal
|lemma architecture=5-7-veined
|lemma length or size=longer;longer
|lemma pubescence=with hairs;glabrous
|lemma pubescence or relief=scabrous
|lemma shape=keeled;rounded
|ligule shape=truncate;rounded
|ligule texture=membranous
|lodicule pubescence=hairy
|lodicule quantity=2
|lodicule shape=lobed
|palea height or length or size=slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the lemmas
|pedicel orientation=appressed;ascending
|pedicel some measurement=0mm;5mm
|sheath architecture=open
|spike arrangement=distichous
|spikelet architecture=pedicellate;sessile
|spikelet atypical quantity=2
|spikelet length=1/2-33/4 times the length of
|spikelet quantity=3;35
|terminal floret size=reduced
|tip shape=awnlike
|vein architecture=0-3(7)-veined
|vein architecture or shape=awned;ribbed;ribbed
|vein arrangement=spaced;spaced
|vein course=straight
|vein position=midlength;midlength;midlength
|vein prominence=evident
|vein pubescence=glabrous;pilose
|vein pubescence or relief=scabrous
|vein shape=tapering;acuminate;acute;keeled
|vein size=unequal;subequal
|vein some measurement=0mm;4mm
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|x chromosome quantity=7
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Triticeae]]