View source for Linaria

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Linaria
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 2. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Toadflax
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Plantaginaceae;Linaria
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Linaria]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin linum, flax, and -aria, resemblance, alluding to leaf similarity
|volume=Volume 17
|mention_page=page 12, 13, 19, 25, 33, 40
|treatment_page=page 27
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial or annual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="caudex texture;caudex texture;shoot bud orientation">caudex woody or herbaceous, shoot buds arising from roots.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stem orientation;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>prostrate to erect, glabrous or glandular-pubescent in inflorescence.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf position;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement"><b>Leaves </b>cauline, usually whorled proximally, alternate distally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade texture;blade texture;margin architecture or shape">blade sometimes ± fleshy, not leathery, margins entire.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;raceme architecture or arrangement;raceme shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, racemes, compact to elongate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="bract presence">bracts present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal shape or architecture;sepal architecture or shape;sepal shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;lobe fusion;calyx architecture or shape">sepals 5, proximally connate, calyx ± bilaterally symmetric to nearly radially symmetric, 5-lobed, lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovatelanceolate, or ovate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla coloration;corolla architecture or shape;corolla architecture;corolla shape;tube base shape;tube base architecture or shape;lobe quantity;abaxial lip quantity;adaxial lip quantity;adaxial lip length or size;adaxial lip length or size;adaxial lip orientation">corolla violet, blue, purple, red, yellow, or white, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, subcylindric, tube base not gibbous, spurred abaxially, lobes 5, abaxial 2, adaxial 3, abaxial lip as long as or slightly longer than adaxial, adaxial erect-patent to patent, with palate ± occluding mouth of tube;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;stamen architecture;filament pubescence">stamens 4, basally adnate to corolla, didynamous, filaments usually hairy proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="staminode quantity;staminode shape">staminode 1, scalelike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style architecture;style shape">styles simple or 2-fid;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape;stigma shape">stigma capitate, clavate, linear, 2-lobed, or emarginate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="fruits capsule some measurement;fruits capsule dehiscence;wall architecture or dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, 9–12 mm, dehiscence poricidal, each loculus wall later splitting into valves.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>3–122, gray, brown, or black, globular, reniform, trigonous, tetrahedral, or disciform, wings present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="wing presence;wing presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 6.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Europe (especially Mediterranean region);w Asia;n Africa;also in temperate regions of s South America (Argentina);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species 150 (10 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>In this treatment, the species are arranged following the infrageneric classification proposed by D. A. Sutton (1988), with 150 species in seven sections; our ten belong to four of these sections.</p><!--
--><p>North American species of Linaria canadensis (Linnaeus) Dumont de Courset, L. floridana Chapman, and L. texana Scheele included in sect. Leptoplectron Pennell, an invalidly published sectional name, have been included in Nuttallanthus, which differs from Linaria in having the abaxial lip of the corolla greatly exceeding the adaxial lip, a weakly developed palate, and prismatic seeds usually with prominent longitudinal ridges. Phylogenetic studies of Linaria and Nuttallanthus based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences (M. Fernández-Mazuecos et al. 2013) concluded that on the basis of morphological traits and phylogenetic results, it would probably be appropriate to circumscribe Nuttallanthus species as a section (sect. Lectoplectron) of Linaria.</p><!--
--><p>Linaria species often are cultivated and some (such as L. bipartita, L. dalmatica, L. triornithophora, and L. vulgaris) become naturalized; how long they may persist is unknown.</p><!--
--><p>Although Linaria supina (Linnaeus) Chazelles de Prizy subsp. supina (lesser butter-and-eggs) has been collected in several states (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania), all of the collections were made before 1900, and L. supina has yet to become established in the flora area. It would key closest to L. vulgaris, having shorter fertile stems [5–24 cm versus (25–)35–90(–120) cm], smaller corollas (15–25 mm versus 27–33 mm), and globular (versus oblong-globular or ovoid) capsules. The report from Massachusetts by C. H. Knowlton and W. Deane (1923) was based on a cultivated plant (10 July 1863, Boott s.n., GH), and the report from California is an error (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=11372).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles 2-fid; stigmas with 2 discrete areas; seed wings absent; annuals [sect. Versicolores].
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Racemes: rachis glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.7 mm; capsule loculi subequal to unequal.
|[[Linaria maroccana|Linaria maroccana]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Racemes: rachis glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.4 mm; capsule loculi equal, sometimes subequal.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas purple, mauve, or violet, usually with yellow palate.
|[[Linaria bipartita|Linaria bipartita]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Corollas yellow.
|[[Linaria spartea|Linaria spartea]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Styles simple; stigmas entire; seed wings present or absent; perennials (some plants may bloom first year).
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds disciform, subglobular, elliptic-globular, or deltate-globular, with prominent encircling wing.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Corollas 27–32(–33) mm, white, pale yellow, or bright yellow, sometimes with orange palate [sect. Vulgaris].
|[[Linaria vulgaris|Linaria vulgaris]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Corollas 35–57 mm, violet, blue-violet, reddish purple, or pink, rarely white, with yellow, white, or lilac palate [sect. Pelisserianae].
|[[Linaria triornithophora|Linaria triornithophora]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Seeds trigonous, subtrigonous, or ± tetrahedral, wings absent [sect. Speciosae].
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Spurs 2–5 mm; corollas white or pale lilac.
|[[Linaria repens|Linaria repens]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Spurs 5–30 mm; corollas yellow or violet to purple.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Corollas violet to purple, with yellow or lilac palate.
|[[Linaria purpurea|Linaria purpurea]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Corollas pale to bright yellow.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Corollas 16–20(–23) mm; spurs 7–9(–10) mm.
|[[Linaria genistifolia|Linaria genistifolia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Corollas 27–52 mm; spurs 11–30 mm.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Corollas: adaxial lip sinuses 2–3.5(–4) mm; calyx lobes (1.9–)3–9.5 × (0.9–)1–3.5 mm in flower.
|[[Linaria dalmatica|Linaria dalmatica]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Corollas: adaxial lip sinuses 4–6 mm; calyx lobes 7–14 × 3.5–7 mm in flower.
|[[Linaria grandiflora|Linaria grandiflora]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Linaria
|author=Llorenç Sáez Goñalons
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Plantaginaceae
|distribution=Europe (especially Mediterranean region);w Asia;n Africa;also in temperate regions of s South America (Argentina);Pacific Islands (New Zealand);Australia
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=Introduced
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V17/V17_102.xml
|genus=Linaria
|abaxial lip quantity=2
|adaxial lip length or size=longer;longer
|adaxial lip orientation=erect-patent;patent
|adaxial lip quantity=3
|blade texture=not leathery;fleshy
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|calyx architecture or shape=symmetric
|caudex texture=herbaceous;woody
|corolla architecture=bilabiate
|corolla architecture or shape=symmetric
|corolla coloration=white;yellow;white;yellow;red;purple;blue;violet
|corolla shape=subcylindric
|filament pubescence=hairy
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule dehiscence=poricidal
|fruits capsule some measurement=9mm;12mm
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf arrangement=alternate;whorled
|leaf position=cauline
|lobe fusion=connate
|lobe quantity=5
|lobe shape=linear;linear-lanceolate lanceolate ovatelanceolate or ovate
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|ovary placentation=axile
|pedicel presence=absent
|petiole presence=absent
|raceme architecture or arrangement=compact
|raceme shape=elongate
|seed coloration=black;brown;black;brown;gray
|seed quantity=3;122
|seed shape=disciform;tetrahedral;disciform;tetrahedral;trigonous;reniform;globular
|sepal architecture or shape=symmetric
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=5-lobed
|sepal shape or architecture=symmetric to nearly
|shoot bud orientation=arising
|stamen architecture=didynamous
|stamen fusion=adnate
|stamen quantity=4
|staminode quantity=1
|staminode shape=scale-like
|stem orientation=prostrate;erect
|stem pubescence=glandular-pubescent;glabrous
|stigma shape=emarginate;2-lobed;emarginate;2-lobed;linear;clavate;capitate
|style architecture=simple
|style shape=2-fid
|tube base architecture or shape=spurred
|tube base shape=not gibbous
|wall architecture or dehiscence=splitting
|whole_organism duration=annual;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|wing presence=absent;absent
|x chromosome quantity=6
}}<!--

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