View source for Loasaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Loasaceae
|accepted_authority=Jussieu
|publications=
|common_names=Stickleaf Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Loasaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Loasaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 462, 494
|treatment_page=page 491
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism pubescence or relief;whole_organism growth form;trichome atypical quantity;trichome architecture;trichome architecture or pubescence or relief;trichome shape;trichome shape;trichome architecture or shape;trichome atypical quantity;trichome architecture;trichome atypical quantity;trichome toxicity"><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, shrubs, [or trees], annual, biennial, or perennial, evergreen (leaves withering in age), scabrid, trichomes (1) unbranched and smooth, knobby, notched, or antrorsely or retrorsely barbed, (2) dendritic, and/or (3) stinging.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate [opposite], simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence">petiole present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade shape">blade sometimes lobed, margins entire, serrate, dentate, or crenate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;basal secondary-vein presence">venation pinnate, basal secondary-veins commonly present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, cymes, thyrses, racemes, panicles, or flowers solitary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, usually radially symmetric, rarely bilaterally symmetric (by bilateral symmetry of corolla, androecium, or gynoecium);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium epigynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="hypanthium fusion;hypanthium fusion;hypanthium fusion">hypanthium adnate to ovary proximally and free distally, or completely adnate to ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal architecture or shape;sepal fusion;sepal fusion">sepals 5, radially symmetric, distinct or connate basally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal architecture or shape;petal fusion;petal fusion;petal fusion">petals 5, radially or bilaterally symmetric, distinct or connate, sometimes postgenitally coherent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="nectary presence;nectary presence;nectary position or shape">nectary absent or present, distal on ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen fusion;stamen fusion;stamen fusion;stamen architecture or shape">stamens 5–150+, distinct, free or adnate to petal bases, bilaterally or radially symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther dehiscence;slit dehiscence or orientation">anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="staminode presence;staminode presence;staminode architecture;petal quantity">staminodes absent or present, sometimes petaloid and petals appearing to 6+;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation;ovary position;ovary position;ovary position;ovary position">pistil 1, 3–7-carpellate, ovary inferior, 1-locular, placentation parietal, subapical, or apical;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="ovule quantity;ovule orientation">ovules 1–60+ per locule, anatropous (epitropous);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style quantity">style 1;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma shape">stigma 1, 2–5 (–7) -lobed (lobes usually as many as carpels, except in pseudomonomerous Gronovioideae).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="sepal dehiscence;petal dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, dehiscence by apical valves [splitting longitudinally], or cypselae, sepals or sepals and petals persisting.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="seed quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1–60+ per fruit.</span><!--

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|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;sw Asia (w Arabian Peninsula);Africa;Atlantic Islands (Cape Verde);Pacific Islands
|discussion=<p>Genera 20, species ca. 350 (4 genera, 94 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Loasaceae are in Cornales and are the sister family of Hydrangeaceae. The two families likely diverged in western North America or Mexico in the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, 92–58 million years before present (J. J. Schenk and L. Hufford 2010). Most extant species of Loasaceae in western North America date to the Oligocene or more recent times, with the Miocene and later periods being especially rich phases for speciation (Schenk and Hufford; J. Grissom and Hufford, unpubl.). In Loasaceae, Eucnide and Schismocarpus S. F. Blake, a genus restricted to southern Mexico, are the earliest diverging lineages, and the cliff-dwelling habits of these two genera may be plesiomorphic for the family (Hufford et al. 2003). The species-rich genus Mentzelia is well supported as the sister of a clade that consists of the taxonomically depauperate genera Cevallia, Fuertesia Urban, Gronovia Linnaeus, and Petalonyx. Phylogenetic studies support the monophyly of subfamilies Gronovioideae Fenzl and Loasoideae Gilg as conceived by I. Urban and E. Gilg (1900), but their early concept of Mentzelioideae as including both Eucnide and Mentzelia (and also Schismocarpus according to S. F. Blake 1918b; Gilg 1925b) is paraphyletic (Hufford et al.). To enable classification based on monophyly, circumscription of Mentzelioideae should be restricted to Mentzelia. The Mentzelia plus Gronovioideae clade is sister to the more taxon rich subfam. Loasoideae, which is especially prevalent in Andean South America (Hufford et al.).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=brown1981a
|text=Brown, D. K. and R. B. Kaul. 1981. Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 361–372.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=carlquist1984a
|text=Carlquist, S. 1984. Wood anatomy of Loasaceae with relation to systematics, habit and ecology. Aliso 10: 583–602.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ernst1963c
|text=Ernst, W. R. and H. J. Thompson. 1963. The Loasaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 138–142.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hufford1990a
|text=Hufford, L. 1990. Androecial ontogeny and the problem of monophyly of Loasaceae. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 402–419.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=moody2000a
|text=Moody, M. L. and L. Hufford. 2000. Floral ontogeny and morphology of Cevallia, Fuertesia, and Gronovia (Loasaceae subfamily Gronovioideae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 161: 869–883.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=poston1993a
|text=Poston, M. E. and J. W. Nowicke. 1993. Pollen morphology, trichome types, and relationships of the Gronovioideae (Loasaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 80: 689–704.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weigend2000a
|text=Weigend, M., J. Kufer, and A. A. Mueller. 2000. Phytochemistry and the systematics and ecology of Loasaceae and Gronoviaceae (Loasales). Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1202–1210.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weigend2004a
|text=Weigend, M. 2004. Loasaceae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 9+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 6, pp. 239–254.
}}
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--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stamens 5; seeds 1 per fruit; fruits cypselae.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences headlike thyrses, peduncles to 1 dm; perianth whorls similar, sepals and petals white to yellowish abaxially, yellow adaxially, linear-lanceolate; petals densely hairy on both surfaces; stamen filaments dorsiventrally flattened, linear, shorter than anthers; anthers with distal connective extension; stigmas densely hairy.
|[[Cevallia|Cevallia]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences racemes or panicles, peduncles inconspicuous; perianth whorls differentiated, sepals green, lanceolate, petals white, spatulate; petals glabrous except hairy abaxially on midribs; stamen filaments filiform, longer than anthers; anthers without distal connective extension; stigmas papillate.
|[[Petalonyx|Petalonyx]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Stamens 8–50+; seeds (1–)2–60+ per fruit; fruits capsules.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pistils 3-carpellate; stigmas 3-lobed.
|[[Mentzelia|Mentzelia]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Pistils 5–7-carpellate; stigmas 5–7-lobed.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypanthium completely adnate to ovary; petals connate proximally to 1/2+ length; stamen filaments filiform; pedicels elongating in fruit; seeds cylindric to ovoid, to 1 mm, not winged.
|[[Eucnide|Eucnide]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Hypanthium adnate to ovary proximally, free distally; petals distinct or connate basally; 5 outermost stamen filaments dorsiventrally flattened, spatulate; pedicels not elongating in fruit; seeds dorsiventrally flattened, 2.3–4 mm, winged.
|[[Mentzelia|Mentzelia]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Loasaceae
|author=Larry Hufford
|authority=Jussieu
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Loasaceae
|illustrator=Linny Heagy
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;sw Asia (w Arabian Peninsula);Africa;Atlantic Islands (Cape Verde);Pacific Islands
|reference=brown1981a;carlquist1984a;ernst1963c;hufford1990a;moody2000a;poston1993a;weigend2000a;weigend2004a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_900.xml
|androecium position=epigynous
|anther dehiscence=dehiscing
|basal secondary-vein presence=absent
|blade shape=lobed
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower architecture or shape=symmetric;symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|hypanthium fusion=adnate;free;adnate
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|margin architecture or shape=pinnate;serrate;entire
|margin shape=crenate;dentate;crenate;dentate
|nectary position or shape=distal
|nectary presence=absent;absent
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|ovary placentation=parietal
|ovary position=apical;subapical;apical;subapical;inferior
|ovule orientation=anatropous
|ovule quantity=1;60
|perianth position=epigynous
|petal architecture or shape=symmetric
|petal dehiscence=persisting
|petal fusion=coherent;connate;distinct
|petal quantity=5
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|pistil architecture=3-7-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|seed quantity=1;60
|sepal architecture or shape=symmetric
|sepal dehiscence=persisting
|sepal fusion=connate;distinct
|sepal quantity=5
|slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|stamen architecture or shape=symmetric
|stamen fusion=adnate;free;distinct
|stamen quantity=5;150
|staminode architecture=petaloid
|staminode presence=absent;absent
|stigma quantity=1
|stigma shape=2-5(-7)-lobed
|stipule presence=absent
|style quantity=1
|trichome architecture=dendritic;unbranched
|trichome architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|trichome architecture or shape=barbed
|trichome atypical quantity=3;2;1
|trichome shape=notched;knobby
|trichome toxicity=stinging
|whole_organism duration=evergreen;perennial;biennial;perennial;biennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=shrub;subshrub;herb
|whole_organism pubescence or relief=scabrid
}}<!--

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