View source for Malus

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Malus
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 2. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Apple;pommier
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Rosaceae;Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae;Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae;Malus
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Rosaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Malus]]</div></div>
|etymology=Latin malus, apple tree
|volume=Volume 9
|mention_page=page 19, 427, 428, 433, 445, 449, 473, 480
|treatment_page=page 472
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs </b>or trees, 2–200 dm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem quantity;stem orientation"><b>Stems </b>1+ (derived from root shoots), erect;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark texture;bark architecture or pubescence">bark dark-brown, reddish-brown, or gray, firm, platy or scaly;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="short-shoot length or size;short-shoot presence">long and short-shoots present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="">thorns present (modified short-shoots);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="thorn presence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence;thorn pubescence">glabrous, glabrescent, villous, densely puberulent, or tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="leaf duration;cauline leaf architecture;shoot length or size;juvenile-shoot leaf size;juvenile-shoot leaf architecture or shape"><b>Leaves </b>deciduous [semipersistent], cauline, simple, shoot dimorphism, long and juvenile-shoot leaves usually larger and more deeply serrate (lobed) than short-shoot leaves;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stipule duration;stipule fusion;stipule shape;stipule shape;stipule texture;stipule growth form or texture;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape">stipules deciduous (or persistent on vigorous shoot leaves in M. baccata), basally adnate to petiole, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes filiform, membranous, sometimes herbaceous, margins entire, serrulate, glandular-serrate, sparsely glandular-denticulate, or white-ciliate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole presence">petiole present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade atypical some measurement;blade some measurement;blade texture;blade texture;margin prominence or shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade elliptic, ovate, obovate, triangular-ovate, oval, lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or oblong, (2–) 4–12 cm, membranous or leathery, margins flat, sometimes lobed, dentate, serrulate, serrate, doubly serrate, crenate, or sometimes entire, venation pinnate (craspedodromous when lobed, camptodromous when unlobed), surfaces glabrous or tomentose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence architecture;panicle shape;panicle pubescence;panicle pubescence"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal on short-shoots, 2–12-flowered, flat-topped panicles, glabrous or tomentose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="bract presence;bract duration;bract shape;bract shape;bract texture;bract pubescence">bracts present (absent in M. fusca), caducous, ovate, linear-lanceolate, membranous, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="bracteole presence">bracteoles present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="pedicel presence"><b>Pedicels </b>present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower position;flower diameter"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual (occasionally andromonoecious in M. halliana), opening with leaves, perianth and androecium epigynous, 15–50 mm diam.;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="hypanthium shape;hypanthium size;hypanthium size">hypanthium campanulate, size not recorded, glabrous or tomentose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal orientation;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape;sepal shape">sepals 5, reflexed to wide spreading, triangular, triangular-lanceolate, triangular-ovate, or lanceolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape;base shape">petals 5 (or more in M. halliana), white, pink, or red, suborbiculate, obovate, narrowly or oblong-obovate, ovate, or ± elliptic, base clawed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen size;stamen variability">stamens 15–50, unequal, usually shorter than, rarely equal to, petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="carpel quantity;carpel fusion;carpel fusion;style quantity;style fusion;style pubescence;style pubescence">carpels 3–5, connate, adnate to hypanthium, styles 3–5, emerge from base of hypanthium, basally connate, glabrous or tomentose basally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules 2.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome coloration;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome shape;fruits pome diameter;fruits pome diameter;fruits pome pubescence;fruits pome texture;fruits pome coloration or relief"><b>Fruits </b>pomes, green, yellow, or red, globose, depressed-globose, obovoid, or oblong, 6–50 (–70) mm diam., glaucous, waxy, punctate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="flesh variability;stone cell arrangement">flesh homogeneous, stone cells adjacent to carpels and epidermis;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="hypanthium duration">hypanthium persistent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal duration;sepal orientation;sepal orientation">sepals persistent or deciduous, erect or reflexed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="carpel pubescence or texture">carpels cartilaginous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="style duration;style duration">styles persistent or deciduous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>2 per carpel, light, dark, or reddish-brown, smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s28" data-properties="seed quantity;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed coloration;seed architecture or pubescence or relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 17.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Eurasia;widely;especially in temperate regions
|discussion=<p>Species 25–55 (10 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Malus has great economic value; species are widely cultivated throughout the world for their edible fruit (not all species), ornamental fruit, or flowers. Mammals and birds eat cultivated and wild apples, which can result in the spread of seed and naturalization of species. The hard wood is occasionally used to make furniture and tools, and as fuel. The apple has symbolic significance in western cultures, including Greek, Roman, and Judeo-Christian mythologies. The apple often represents desire, temptation, and sin in art and literature (malum is Latin for evil), symbolizing sexuality, love, and the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden.</p><!--
--><p>Cross-compatibility among species is common. Hybridization can occur naturally in botanical gardens and in the wild, or artificially through breeding. Polyploid forms and asexual seed production (apomixis) occur in some species.</p><!--
--><p>The taxonomy of Malus has been revised at least three times, with some authors placing species within the genus Pyrus. Recent morphologic work has suggested that Malus be retained as a separate genus based on fully adnate carpels and deeply inferior ovaries (K. R. Robertson et al. 1991), with molecular evidence providing support (C. S. Campbell et al. 1995). Cultivation, hybridization, and introgression have led to hundreds of species names within Malus. The genus requires a comprehensive worldwide revision.</p><!--
--><p>The eastern North American apples stand apart from other members of the genus by having unique floral and fruit traits, which define sect. Chloromeles (Decaisne) Rehder. Although distinctive morphologic extremes are obvious, continuous variation within this overall homogeneous group blurs species boundaries. Historically, taxonomic confusion has resulted from names being applied to slight variations in: leaf lobing and serration; patterns of leaf venation; leaf, calyx, and pedicel indument; and fruit shape. Leaves of vigorous long shoots often differ in shape and hairiness from those of short flowering shoots on the same tree. Polyploidy and apomixis may contribute to taxonomic difficulties by locking suites of traits together into morphologic forms. Morphologic patterns within the group can shift. Studies indicate that diploids within natural populations occasionally produce triploid and tetraploid progeny; triploids can give rise to tetraploids (E. E. Dickson 1995). Preliminary genetic studies do not clarify species boundaries and suggest a single monotypic species, Malus coronaria (Dickson et al. 1991; Dickson 1995). This treatment takes a conservative approach by recognizing three morphologic extremes as species. Further work is warranted to clarify the taxonomy of sect. Chloromeles.</p><!--
--><p>The description of Malus prunifolia is based on Y. Asami (1927) and Gu C. Z. and S. A. Spongberg (2003); M. baccata and M. halliana are based on Gu and Spongberg; M. hupehensis is based on Gu and Spongberg and C. A. Huckins 1972; and M. toringo (as M. sieboldii) is based on Asami, Huckins, and Gu and Spongberg.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Sepals deciduous in fruit
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Sepals persistent in fruit
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves usually lobed
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaves unlobed
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles glabrous; pomes yellow to purplish red, oblong, sometimes ovoid or obovoid.
|[[Malus fusca|Malus fusca]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Styles proximally villous or lanate; pomes red or brownish yellow, subglobose.
|[[Malus toringo|Malus toringo]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals lanceolate, longer than tube; anthers yellow before dehiscence.
|[[Malus baccata|Malus baccata]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Sepals triangular-ovate, equal to or shorter than tube; anthers white before dehiscence
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves obtusely serrulate; sepal apices obtuse; petals usually more than 5; styles 4 or 5; pomes pyriform or obovoid.
|[[Malus halliana|Malus halliana]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves sharply serrulate; sepal apices acute or acuminate; petals 5; styles 3(or 4); pomes ellipsoid or subglobose.
|[[Malus hupehensis|Malus hupehensis]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Cores of pomes enclosed at apex, sclereids absent or sparse surrounding core; anthers yellow before dehiscence; leaf blades of vigorous shoots unlobed
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Cores of pomes not enclosed at apex, sclereids abundant surrounding core; anthers rose, pink, salmon, or purple before dehiscence; leaf blades of vigorous shoots often lobed
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaf margins obtusely serrate, sometimes serrate-crenate; pomes globose or depressed-globose, sepals not swollen at base (cultivated apple).
|[[Malus pumila|Malus pumila]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Leaf margins acutely serrate or serrulate, sometimes doubly serrate; pomes ovoid or oblong, sepals swollen at base.
|[[Malus prunifolia|Malus prunifolia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sepals hoary-tomentose; leaves abaxially tomentose.
|[[Malus ioensis|Malus ioensis]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Sepals abaxially glabrous, sometimes glabrescent; leaves abaxially glabrous (villous only on veins)
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Flowering shoot leaves usually elliptic or oblong, bases usually cuneate, margins crenate, crenate-serrate, or entire, apices rounded (with point or acute).
|[[Malus angustifolia|Malus angustifolia]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Flowering shoot leaves usually ovate, triangular-ovate, or lanceolate, bases usually rounded or cordate, margins usually serrate, apices acute or broadly acute (rounded with point or rounded).
|[[Malus coronaria|Malus coronaria]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Malus
|author=Elizabeth E. Dickson
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Rosaceae
|distribution=North America;Eurasia;widely;especially in temperate regions
|reference=None
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V9/V9_798.xml
|subfamily=Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae
|tribe=Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae
|genus=Malus
|bark architecture or pubescence=scaly
|bark coloration=gray;reddish-brown;gray;reddish-brown;dark-brown
|bark texture=firm
|base shape=clawed
|blade atypical some measurement=2cm;4cm
|blade shape=oblong;ovate-oblong;oblong;ovate-oblong;lanceolate;oval;triangular-ovate;obovate;ovate;elliptic
|blade some measurement=4cm;12cm
|blade texture=leathery;membranous
|bract duration=caducous
|bract presence=absent
|bract pubescence=glabrous
|bract shape=linear-lanceolate;ovate
|bract texture=membranous
|bracteole presence=absent
|carpel fusion=adnate;connate
|carpel pubescence or texture=cartilaginous
|carpel quantity=3;5
|cauline leaf architecture=simple
|flesh variability=homogeneous
|flower diameter=15mm;50mm
|flower position=epigynous
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits pome coloration=red;yellow;red;yellow;green
|fruits pome coloration or relief=punctate
|fruits pome diameter=6mm;50mm
|fruits pome pubescence=glaucous
|fruits pome shape=oblong;obovoid;oblong;obovoid;depressed-globose;globose
|fruits pome texture=ceraceous
|hypanthium duration=persistent
|hypanthium shape=campanulate
|hypanthium size=tomentose;not glabrous
|inflorescence architecture=2-12-flowered
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|juvenile-shoot leaf architecture or shape=deeply serrate
|juvenile-shoot leaf size=larger
|leaf duration=deciduous
|margin architecture or shape=pinnate;entire;serrate;serrate;serrulate;dentate;serrulate;entire
|margin prominence or shape=flat
|margin shape=crenate;lobed;white-ciliate;glandular-denticulate;white-ciliate;glandular-denticulate;glandular-serrate
|ovule quantity=2
|panicle pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|panicle shape=flat-topped
|pedicel presence=absent
|petal coloration=red;pink;red;pink;white
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=elliptic;ovate;elliptic;ovate;oblong-obovate;obovate;suborbiculate
|petiole presence=absent
|seed architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
|seed coloration=reddish-brown;dark;reddish-brown;dark;light
|seed quantity=2
|sepal duration=deciduous;persistent
|sepal orientation=reflexed;erect;reflexed;wide spreading
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=lanceolate;triangular-ovate;lanceolate;triangular-ovate;triangular-lanceolate;triangular
|shoot length or size=long
|short-shoot length or size=long
|short-shoot presence=absent
|stamen quantity=15;50
|stamen size=unequal
|stamen variability=equal
|stem orientation=erect
|stipule duration=deciduous
|stipule fusion=adnate
|stipule growth form or texture=herbaceous
|stipule shape=filiform;linear-lanceolate;lanceolate
|stipule texture=membranous
|stone cell arrangement=adjacent
|style duration=deciduous;persistent
|style fusion=connate
|style pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|style quantity=3;5
|surface pubescence=tomentose;glabrous
|thorn presence=absent
|thorn pubescence=tomentose;puberulent;tomentose;puberulent;villous;glabrescent;glabrous
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub
|whole_organism some measurement=2dm;200dm
|x chromosome quantity=17
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Rosaceae tribe Gillenieae]]