View source for Manihot

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Manihot
|accepted_authority=Miller
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|place=4, vol. 2. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Cassava;yuca;manioc
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Euphorbiaceae;Manihot
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Euphorbiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Manihot]]</div></div>
|etymology=From Brazilian vernacular name mani oca, wood spirit root, alluding to use
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 157, 159, 193, 196, 197
|treatment_page=page 192
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> subshrubs, shrubs, or trees, perennial, unarmed, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="hair architecture;hair presence">hairs unbranched or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="latex coloration">latex white.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf duration;leaf duration;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>persistent or deciduous, alternate, simple [palmately compound];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule duration">stipules present, deciduous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole presence;gland presence">petiole present [rudimentary], glands absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="stipel presence">stipels present at apex;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;lobe shape;lobe shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape;margin shape">blade usually palmately lobed, rarely unlobed, lobes undivided or secondarily lobed, margins entire, repand, or serrate, laminar glands absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="laminar gland presence;laminar gland architecture">venation palmate (pinnate in lobes).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="inflorescence reproduction;inflorescence position;inflorescence position"><b>Inflorescences </b>bisexual (pistillate flowers proximal, staminate distal), terminal or axillary, racemes or panicles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="gland position;bract presence">glands subtending each bract 0.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="pedicel presence;pedicel architecture;pedicel length"><b>Pedicels </b>present, pistillate often elongating in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal architecture;sepal some measurement;sepal arrangement or dehiscence;sepal fusion;sepal length"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: sepals 5, petaloid, 7–20 mm, valvate, connate 1/2 length;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary position;nectary shape;nectary shape">nectary intrastaminal, cushion-shaped, lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen fusion;whorl quantity">stamens (6–8) –10, in 2 whorls, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillode absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;sepal quantity;sepal architecture;sepal fusion"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: sepals 5, petaloid, distinct;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;petal presence">petals 0;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;nectary shape;nectary shape;nectary shape">nectary annular, lobed or unlobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;pistil architecture">pistil 3-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;style quantity;style fusion;style architecture;style shape;style relief">styles 3, connate basally, unbranched, flabellate, prominently papillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>capsules.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed shape"><b>Seeds </b>globose to oblong;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="">caruncle present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="caruncle presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=s United States;Mexico;Central America;South America
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 100 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Manihot is one of the most economically important members of Euphorbiaceae, primarily because of the starchy food-bearing roots of M. esculenta, now cultivated throughout the tropics. Also, M. glaziovii Müller Arg., from northeastern Brazil, was once an important source of Ceará rubber. Manihot appears to be most closely related to Cnidoscolus, a conclusion supported by morphological (G. L. Webster 1994) and DNA sequence data (K. Wurdack et al. 2005). Four species of sect. Parvibracteatae, as defined by D. J. Rogers and S. G. Appan (1973), barely extend across the borders of Arizona and Texas from Mexico. In addition, two species are naturalized in the southeastern United States.</p><!--
--><p>Leaf blade lobe characters (length, outline) are best developed in the median and immediately adjacent lobes; lateral lobes are progressively smaller and tend to have simpler outlines with distance from the median lobe.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=croizat1942a
|text=Croizat, L. 1942. A study of Manihot in North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 216–225.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1963b
|text=Rogers, D. J. 1963. Studies of Manihot esculenta Crantz and related species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 90: 43–54.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1973a
|text=Rogers, D. J. and S. G. Appan. 1973. Manihot, Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae). In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora neotropica. 110+ nos. New York. No. 13.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=webster1994a
|text=Webster, G. L. 1994. Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 33–144.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=wurdack2005b
|text=Wurdack, K., P. Hoffman, and M. W. Chase. 2005. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 1397–1420.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Shrubs or trees; inflorescences panicles; Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Leaf blade lobes without secondary lobes; stipules lanceolate, entire; stem nodes conspicuously swollen; leaf and stipule scars elevated, especially on older stems; capsules usually winged.
|[[Manihot esculenta|Manihot esculenta]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Median and adjacent leaf blade lobes with secondary lobes, lateral lobes without secondary lobes; stipules linear, remotely serrate; stem nodes not swollen; leaf and stipule scars not elevated; capsules not winged.
|[[Manihot grahamii|Manihot grahamii]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Herbs or subshrubs; inflorescences racemes; Texas and Arizona.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blade secondary lobes acute, proximal; leaf blade margins remotely serrate.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blade margins neither thickened nor revolute; inflorescences axillary; capsules finely tuberculate; s Arizona and adjacent Mexico.
|[[Manihot angustiloba|Manihot angustiloba]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Leaf blade margins thickened and revolute; inflorescences terminal; capsules smooth; s Texas and adjacent Mexico.
|[[Manihot subspicata|Manihot subspicata]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaf blade secondary lobes rounded, distal or distal and proximal to middle; leaf blade margins entire.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades basally attached; staminate calyces campanulate; capsules nearly smooth; s Arizona and adjacent Mexico.
|[[Manihot davisiae|Manihot davisiae]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaf blades peltate; staminate calyces tubular, midsection constricted; capsules verrucose-rugose; s Texas.
|[[Manihot walkerae|Manihot walkerae]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Manihot
|author=W. John Hayden
|authority=Miller
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Euphorbiaceae
|distribution=s United States;Mexico;Central America;South America
|reference=croizat1942a;rogers1963b;rogers1973a;webster1994a;wurdack2005b
|publication title=Gard. Dict. Abr. ed.
|publication year=1754
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_833.xml
|genus=Manihot
|blade shape=unlobed;lobed
|bract presence=absent
|caruncle presence=absent
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate
|gland position=subtending
|gland presence=absent
|hair architecture=unbranched
|hair presence=absent
|inflorescence position=axillary;terminal
|inflorescence reproduction=bisexual
|laminar gland architecture=palmate
|laminar gland presence=absent
|latex coloration=white
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf duration=deciduous;persistent
|lobe shape=lobed;undivided
|margin shape=serrate;repand;serrate;repand;entire
|nectary position=intrastaminal
|nectary shape=unlobed;lobed;annular;lobed;cushion--shaped
|pedicel architecture=pistillate
|pedicel length=elongating
|pedicel presence=absent
|petal presence=absent;absent
|petiole presence=absent
|pistil architecture=3-carpellate
|pistillode presence=absent
|seed shape=globose;oblong
|sepal architecture=petaloid;petaloid
|sepal arrangement or dehiscence=valvate
|sepal fusion=distinct;connate
|sepal length=1/2
|sepal quantity=5;5
|sepal some measurement=7mm;20mm
|stamen atypical quantity=6;8
|stamen fusion=distinct
|stamen quantity=10;10
|stipel presence=absent
|stipule duration=deciduous
|stipule presence=absent
|style architecture=unbranched
|style fusion=connate
|style quantity=3
|style relief=papillate
|style shape=flabellate
|whole_organism architecture=unarmed;unarmed
|whole_organism duration=perennial;perennial
|whole_organism growth form=tree;shrub;subshrub;herb
|whole_organism reproduction=dioecious;monoecious;dioecious;monoecious
|whorl quantity=2
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

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