View source for Marah ← Marah You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users. You can view and copy the source of this page. {{Treatment/ID |accepted_name=Marah |accepted_authority=Kellogg |publications={{Treatment/Publication |title=Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. |place=1: 38. 1854 |year=1854 }} |common_names=Manroot [Hebrew marah, bitter, alluding to taste of all parts] |basionyms= |synonyms= |hierarchy=Cucurbitaceae;Marah |hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cucurbitaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Marah]]</div></div> |volume=Volume 6 |mention_page=page 6, 22 |treatment_page=page 21 }}<!-- --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism reproduction;whole_organism orientation;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>perennial, monoecious, sometimes temporarily dioecious, trailing or climbing;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem duration;stem pubescence;stem pubescence or relief">stems annual, usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="root architecture;root shape">roots tuberous, globose to fusiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="tendril architecture;tendril architecture">tendrils unbranched or 2–3-branched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="bract presence"><b>Leaves:</b> bracts absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;lobe shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin shape;surface architecture">blade suborbiculate, shallowly to deeply palmately 5 (–7) -lobed, lobes deltate to oblong-ovate or ovate, margins entire or remotely and coarsely dentate-lobulate, surfaces eglandular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="flower architecture;flower quantity"><b>Inflorescences:</b> staminate flowers 5–100 in axillary panicles or racemoid panicles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower architecture;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form">pistillate flowers solitary, in same axils as staminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="peduncle orientation">peduncles erect at apex;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="bract presence">bracts absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="hypanthium shape"><b>Flowers:</b> hypanthium campanulate to cupulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal shape;sepal prominence">sepals 5, linear or filiform to subulate or deltate, sometimes vestigial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal length;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal coloration;petal shape;petal atypical some measurement;petal atypical some measurement;petal some measurement;petal pubescence;corolla shape;corolla shape;corolla shape;corolla shape;corolla shape">petals 5, connate 1/2 length, usually white, cream-yellow, or greenish yellow, rarely greenish, triangular to ovate or oblong-ovate, (1–) 2.5–10 (–12) mm, glandular-villous adaxially, corolla campanulate, cupulate, or rotate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: stamens 3 (–4);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;filament fusion;filament prominence">filaments inserted near hypanthium base, connate, sometimes vestigial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;theca fusion;theca course;connective width">thecae not fused into ring, forming a head, arched-flexuous, connective broad;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;pistillode presence">pistillodes absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary shape"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: ovary (2–) 4 (–8) -locular, ovoid to globose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity">ovules 1–4 per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;style quantity;style height or length or size;style prominence">style 1, short to nearly vestigial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma quantity;stigma shape">stigmas 1, discoid to subglobose head;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="flower architecture;staminode presence;staminode presence">staminodes present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="fruit architecture;fruit coloration;fruit coloration;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit shape;fruit architecture or shape;fruit architecture or shape;fruit condition or texture;fruit architecture;fruit architecture;fruit dehiscence;beak architecture or dehiscence"><b>Fruits </b>capsular, yellowish green to orange-yellow, often green-striped, globose to subglobose or depressed-globose, short-ellipsoid, ovoid, or oblong, symmetric, often short-beaked, dry, thin-walled, moderately to sparsely or densely echinate (smooth to sparsely echinate or muriculate in M. watsonii), irregularly dehiscent by splitting or dropping of beak.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="seed atypical quantity;seed quantity;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed shape;seed architecture;margin variability;margin architecture;species quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1–16 (–24), orbicular to suborbicular, ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, obovoid, or oblanceoloid, slightly compressed, or globose to subglobose, not compressed, not arillate, margins usually not differentiated, slightly grooved in several species, surface smooth.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="surface architecture or pubescence or relief;x chromosome quantity">x = 16.</span><!-- -->{{Treatment/Body |distribution=w North America;nw Mexico |discussion=<p>Species 8 (7 in the flora).</p><!-- --><p>Marah micrantha Dunn, endemic to Cedros Island of Baja California, is the only species of the genus without at least part of its range in the United States. See comments below under 6. M. macrocarpa.</p><!-- --><p>The only consistent distinctions of Marah from Echinocystis and Echinopepon noted by K. M. Stocking (1955) are the hypogeous (versus epigeous) germination of Marah seeds and its massively tuberous (versus mostly fibrous) roots. The common name manroot alludes to the large tubers, which in M. macrocarpa can weigh more than 160 kg.</p><!-- --><p>R. A. Schlising (1993) noted without documentation that “presumed hybrids occur where species overlap,” but K. M. Stocking (1955b) found no evidence of hybridization between species of Marah in nature or in experimental gardens.</p><!-- --><p>A remarkable adaptation in seedling establishment of Marah to the Mediterranean climate of California was described by R. A. Schlising (1969). In seed germination, in the cooler and wetter months of November and December, the radicle and epicotyl are carried 5–25 cm down into the soil by the elongating fused bases (the petioles) of the fleshy hypogeal cotyledons. As they elongate, the fused cotyledon bases form a tube that carries the embryonic axis at its tip. From that point, already deep in the soil, the radicle grows downward while the epicotyl grows upward through the petiole tube. The epicotyl reaches the soil surface by early spring, completes the first season’s growth, and dries up by the beginning of the arid summer season. Concurrently with epicotyl growth, the hypocotyl begins to enlarge, forming a tuber. The subterranean cotyledons transfer nutrients to the tuber, which produces shoots in following seasons.</p> |tables= |references= }}<!-- --><div class="treatment-key"> ==Key== <div class="treatment-key-group"> {| class="wikitable fna-keytable" |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Capsules globose to subglobose or depressed-globose to short-ellipsoid |[[#key-0-2| > 2]] |-id=key-0-1 |1 |Capsules usually oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid |[[#key-0-4| > 4]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Corollas deeply cupulate to campanulate; leaf blades glaucous abaxially; capsules smooth to sparsely echinate or muriculate, spinules weak, 1–2 mm. |[[Marah watsonii|Marah watsonii]] |-id=key-0-2 |2 |Corollas rotate; leaf blades not glaucous; capsules sparsely to densely echinate, spinules rigid or flexuous, 2–12 mm |[[#key-0-3| > 3]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Corollas yellowish green to cream-yellow or (especially inland) white; capsules sparsely to densely echinate, spinules 4–12 mm. |[[Marah fabacea|Marah fabacea]] |-id=key-0-3 |3 |Corollas white; capsules densely echinate, spinules 2–3(–5) mm. |[[Marah gilensis|Marah gilensis]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Sepals (pistillate) 6–7 mm, linear; seeds 2–4. |[[Marah guadalupensis|Marah guadalupensis]] |-id=key-0-4 |4 |Sepals (pistillate) 0.4–1 mm, filiform to subulate or deltate, sometimes vestigial; seeds 3–6 or 4–20(–24) |[[#key-0-5| > 5]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Capsules 4–6.5(–8) cm, surface sparsely to moderately echinate (usually smooth distally), spinules weak, flexible, 3–6 mm; seeds 3–6. |[[Marah oregana|Marah oregana]] |-id=key-0-5 |5 |Capsules (5–)8–15(–20) cm, surface densely echinate, spinules rigid, 5–35 mm; seeds 4–20(–24) |[[#key-0-6| > 6]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Corollas shallowly cupulate to rotate; seeds not flat at one end. |[[Marah macrocarpa|Marah macrocarpa]] |-id=key-0-6 |6 |Corollas deeply cupulate to campanulate or campanulate-rotate; seeds flat at one end. |[[Marah horrida|Marah horrida]] |} </div></div><!-- -->{{#Taxon: name=Marah |authority=Kellogg |rank=genus |parent rank=family |synonyms= |basionyms= |family=Cucurbitaceae |distribution=w North America;nw Mexico |reference=None |publication title=Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. |publication year=1854 |special status= |source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V6/V6_29.xml |genus=Marah |beak architecture or dehiscence=splitting |blade shape=suborbiculate;shallowly deeply palmately 5(-7)-lobed |bract presence=absent;absent |connective width=broad |corolla shape=rotate;cupulate;rotate;cupulate;campanulate |filament fusion=connate |filament prominence=vestigial |flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate;staminate;pistillate;staminate |flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary |flower quantity=5;100 |fruit architecture=thin-walled;moderately sparsely or densely echinate |fruit architecture or shape=short-beaked;symmetric |fruit coloration=green-striped;yellowish green;orange-yellow |fruit condition or texture=dry |fruit dehiscence=dehiscent |fruit shape=globose;subglobose or depressed-globose short-ellipsoid ovoid or oblong |hypanthium shape=campanulate;cupulate |lobe shape=deltate;oblong-ovate or ovate |margin architecture=grooved |margin architecture or shape=remotely;entire |margin shape=dentate-lobulate |margin variability=differentiated |ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=(2-)4(-8)-locular |ovary shape=ovoid;globose |ovule quantity=1;4 |peduncle orientation=erect |petal atypical some measurement=10mm;12mm |petal coloration=greenish;greenish yellow;cream-yellow;greenish yellow;cream-yellow;white |petal fusion=connate |petal length=1/2 |petal pubescence=glandular-villous |petal quantity=5 |petal shape=triangular;ovate or oblong-ovate |petal some measurement=2.5mm;10mm |pistillode presence=absent |root architecture=tuberous |root shape=globose;fusiform |seed architecture=not arillate |seed atypical quantity=16;24 |seed quantity=1;16 |seed shape=not compressed;orbicular;suborbicular ellipsoid oblong ovoid obovoid or oblanceoloid slightly compressed or globose |sepal prominence=vestigial |sepal quantity=5 |sepal shape=filiform;subulate or deltate |species quantity=several |stamen atypical quantity=3;4 |stamen quantity=3 |staminode presence=absent;absent |stem duration=annual |stem pubescence=glabrous |stem pubescence or relief=scabrous |stigma quantity=1 |stigma shape=discoid;subglobose |style height or length or size=short |style prominence=vestigial |style quantity=1 |surface architecture=eglandular |surface architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth |tendril architecture=2-3-branched;unbranched |theca course=arched-flexuous |theca fusion=not fused |whole_organism duration=perennial |whole_organism growth form=plant;climbing |whole_organism orientation=trailing |whole_organism reproduction=dioecious;monoecious |x chromosome quantity=16 }}<!-- -->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Cucurbitaceae]] Templates used on this page: Template:Cucurbitaceae (view source) Template:Treatment/AuthorLink (view source) Template:Treatment/Body (view source) Template:Treatment/Body/Maps (view source) Template:Treatment/ID (view source) Template:Treatment/Publication (view source) Return to Marah.