View source for Parnassia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Parnassia
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 273. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Grass of Parnassus;bog star;parnassie
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Celastraceae;Parnassia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Celastraceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Parnassia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek Parnassos, alluding to fabled origin on slopes of Mount Parnassus
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=page 111, 112, 114
|treatment_page=page 113
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial with caudices or rarely rhizomes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture or shape"><b>Stems </b>erect, unbranched scapelike.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf atypical quantity;leaf atypical quantity;leaf quantity;leaf arrangement;node quantity"><b>Leaves </b>basal in rosettes or 1–2 per node on rhizomes (P. caroliniana) and cauline (0–) 1 [–8], alternate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stipule presence">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole presence;basal leaf presence">petiole present in basal leaves, usually absent in cauline leaf;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="">blade margins entire;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture">venation palmate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;flower architecture or arrangement or growth form"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, flowers solitary.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, radially symmetric or ± asymmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="perianth position;perianth position;androecium position;androecium position">perianth and androecium hypogynous or perigynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="hypanthium presence;hypanthium fusion">hypanthium absent or completely adnate to ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion">sepals 5, connate proximally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="petal quantity;petal coloration;petal some measurement;petal length or size;vein coloration;vein coloration;vein coloration;vein coloration">petals 5, white [yellowish] with distinct yellowish or greenish or gray-brown veins, 3–22 mm, usually longer than sepals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="nectary presence">nectary absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 5;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="staminode quantity;petal arrangement;petal shape;petal architecture;petal architecture;petal architecture">staminodes 5, opposite petals, usually deeply divided, sometimes undivided, gland-tipped or glandular at apex [without glands];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="pistil architecture">pistil [3–] 4 [–5] -carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="ovary position;ovary quantity;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">ovary superior to 1/2 inferior, 1-locular, placentation parietal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="style presence;style quantity">style absent or essentially so;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="stigma atypical quantity;stigma atypical quantity;stigma quantity">stigmas [3–] 4 [–5];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules 100–2000+.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="fruits capsule architecture or structure in adjective form;fruits capsule architecture;fruits capsule shape;apex architecture or shape"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, 1-locular, [3–] 4 [–5] -valved, ellipsoid to globose, apex not beaked.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="seed quantity;seed shape;seed architecture"><b>Seeds </b>100–2000+ per fruit, oblong, winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="">aril absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="aril presence;x chromosome quantity">x = 9.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Europe;Asia;nw Africa
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 70 (9 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The North American species of Parnassia usually occur in moist to wet sites on neutral to base-rich substrates, but P. asarifolia often occurs on acidic substrates.</p><!--
--><p>The treatment of Parnassia cirrata and P. fimbriata follows that proposed by R. B. Phillips (1980).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=phillips1980b
|text=Phillips, R. B. 1980. Systematics of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae): Generic Overview and Revision of North American Taxa. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petal margins fimbriate proximally; cauline leaf usually on middle to distal 1/2 of stem, rarely absent.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Staminodes irregularly divided into oblong, obtuse lobes, usually glandular at apex but tip not differentiated into distinct gland; sepal margins denticulate, erose, or short-fimbriate distally.
|[[Parnassia fimbriata|Parnassia fimbriata]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Staminodes scalelike proximally, distally divided into gland-tipped filaments; sepal margins usually entire, rarely minutely denticulate distally.
|[[Parnassia cirrata|Parnassia cirrata]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Petal margins entire or undulate; cauline leaf usually on proximal 1/2 to middle of stem or absent, rarely on distal 1/2.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepal margins not hyaline; staminodes unlobed or divided distally into 3–27 filaments.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petal lengths 1.5–2 times sepals; anthers 1.5–2.8 mm.
|[[Parnassia palustris|Parnassia palustris]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Petal lengths 0.8–1.5 times sepals; anthers 0.7–1.6 mm.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals 5–13-veined; staminodes with 5–7(–9) filaments; anthers 1–1.6 mm.
|[[Parnassia parviflora|Parnassia parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Petals usually 3-veined; staminodes unlobed or with 3–5 filaments; anthers 0.7–1 mm.
|[[Parnassia kotzebuei|Parnassia kotzebuei]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Sepal margins hyaline, mostly 0.2–0.5 mm wide; staminodes 3-fid almost to base.
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades mostly wider than long; petal bases abruptly contracted to claw.
|[[Parnassia asarifolia|Parnassia asarifolia]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaf blades longer than to ca. as long as wide; petal bases cuneate to rounded.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Staminodes 4–7 mm, shorter than or ca. equaling stamens.
|[[Parnassia glauca|Parnassia glauca]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Staminodes 9–16 mm, longer than stamens.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Staminode glands elliptic to subglobose, 0.4–0.6 mm; plants with caudices; basal leaves in rosettes; ovaries green, sometimes whitish at base.
|[[Parnassia grandifolia|Parnassia grandifolia]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Staminode glands lanceolate, 1–1.7 mm; plants with creeping rhizomes; basal leaves 1–2 per node on rhizomes; ovaries white.
|[[Parnassia caroliniana|Parnassia caroliniana]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Parnassia
|author=Peter W. Ball
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Celastraceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Europe;Asia;nw Africa
|reference=phillips1980b
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_240.xml
|genus=Parnassia
|androecium position=perigynous;hypogynous
|apex architecture or shape=not beaked
|aril presence=absent
|basal leaf presence=absent
|blade margin architecture=palmate
|blade margin architecture or shape=entire
|flower architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|flower architecture or shape=asymmetric;symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule architecture=[3-]4[-5]-valved
|fruits capsule architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|fruits capsule shape=ellipsoid;globose
|hypanthium fusion=adnate
|hypanthium presence=absent
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf arrangement=alternate
|leaf atypical quantity=1;8
|leaf position=cauline;basal
|leaf quantity=1
|nectary presence=absent
|node quantity=1;2
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-locular
|ovary placentation=parietal
|ovary position=inferior;superior
|ovary quantity=0;1/2
|ovule quantity=100;2000
|perianth position=perigynous;hypogynous
|petal architecture=glandular;gland-tipped;undivided
|petal arrangement=opposite
|petal coloration=white
|petal length or size=usually longer
|petal quantity=5
|petal shape=divided
|petal some measurement=3mm;22mm
|petiole presence=absent
|pistil architecture=[3-]4[-5]-carpellate
|seed architecture=winged
|seed quantity=100;2000
|seed shape=oblong
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal quantity=5
|stamen quantity=5
|staminode quantity=5
|stem architecture=unbranched
|stem architecture or shape=scapelike
|stem orientation=erect
|stigma atypical quantity=4;5
|stigma quantity=4
|stipule presence=absent
|style presence=absent
|style quantity=essentially
|vein coloration=gray-brown;greenish;yellowish;distinct
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
|x chromosome quantity=9
}}<!--

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