View source for Phalaris

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phalaris
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Poeae;Phalaris
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Poeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phalaris]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 764
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>annual or perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">sometimes cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm height;culm orientation;culm orientation;culm shape;culm architecture"><b>Culms </b>4-230 cm tall, erect or decumbent, sometimes swollen at the base, not branching above the base.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf pubescence"><b>Leaves </b>more or less evenly distributed, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="sheath length;uppermost sheath shape">sheaths open for most of their length, uppermost sheaths often somewhat inflated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="auricle presence">auricles absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="ligule coloration;ligule pubescence;ligule shape;ligule shape">ligules hyaline, glabrous, truncate to acuminate, entire or lacerate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade prominence or shape;blade shape or vernation">blades usually flat, sometimes revolute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="inflorescence shape;inflorescence shape;inflorescence density;inflorescence architecture;spikelet quantity;spikelet arrangement;spikelet arrangement;spikelet reproduction;spikelet reproduction;spikelet architecture;spikelet quantity;lower spikelet arrangement;terminal spikelet arrangement;terminal spikelet architecture;terminal spikelet reproduction;terminal spikelet reproduction"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal panicles, sometimes spikelike, ovoid to cylindrical, dense, sometimes interrupted, with 10-200 spikelets borne singly or in clusters, spikelets homogamous in species with single spikelets, heterogamous in species with spikelets in clusters, lower spikelets in the clusters usually staminate, rarely sterile, terminal spikelets bisexual or pistillate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet shape;spikelet position or structure subtype;floret atypical quantity;floret quantity;floret reproduction"><b>Spikelets </b>pedicellate, laterally compressed, with 1-3 (4) florets, the terminal or only floret usually sexual, lower floret (s), if present, sterile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="lower floret presence;lower floret reproduction;floret reproduction;spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form;spikelet arrangement or growth form;base arrangement;spikelet reproduction;spikelet architecture">disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the sterile florets in species with solitary spikelets, in species with clustered spikelets usually at the base of the spikelet clusters, sometimes beneath the bisexual or pistillate spikelets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="glume size;glume architecture;glume shape;keel architecture"><b>Glumes </b>subequal, exceeding the florets, 1-5-veined, keeled, keels often conspicuously winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lower floret size;lower floret variability;projection shape;floret reproduction;lemma shape;lemma shape;lemma quantity;floret reproduction">lower (sterile) florets reduced, varying from knoblike projections on the calluses of the bisexual florets to linear or lanceolate lemmas less than 3/4 as long as the bisexual florets;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="terminal floret reproduction;terminal floret arrangement;terminal floret architecture;terminal floret architecture;terminal floret reproduction">terminal florets usually bisexual, in the lower spikelets of a spikelet cluster the terminal florets pistillate or staminate, rarely sterile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="floret lemma texture;floret lemma reflectance;floret lemma pubescence;floret lemma pubescence;floret lemma architecture;floret lemma shape">lemmas of terminal florets coriaceous to indurate, shiny, glabrous or hairy, inconspicuously 5-veined, acute to acuminate or beaked, unawned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="vein texture;vein architecture;vein pubescence;vein pubescence">paleas similar to the lemmas in length and texture, enclosed by the lemmas at maturity, 1-veined, mostly glabrous, veins shortly hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="lodicule presence;lodicule quantity;lodicule size">lodicules absent or 2 and reduced;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="anther quantity">anthers 3;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="ovary pubescence">ovaries glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="style quantity;style shape">styles 2, plumose.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="caryopse height or length or size;caryopse prominence;caryopse life cycle;caryopse fusion;pericarp architecture or coloration or relief"><b>Caryopses </b>shorter than the lemmas, concealed at maturity, with a reticulate pericarp, falling free of the lemma and palea;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="hilum arrangement or course or shape;x chromosome quantity;x chromosome quantity">hila long-linear, x = 6, 7.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;Oreg.;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Fla.;Wyo.;D.C;Miss.;Ohio;Va.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Okla.;Calif.;Nev.;Colo.;Md.;Alaska;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Mont.;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Phalaris has 22 species, most of which grow primarily in temperate regions. It is found in a wide range of habitats, although most species prefer somewhat mesic, disturbed areas. There are 11 species in the Flora region, 5 native and 6 introduced.</p><!--
--><p>The sterile florets of Phalaris are frequently mistaken for tufts of hair at the base of a solitary functional floret. Close examination will reveal that the hairs are actually growing from linear to narrowly lanceolate pieces of tissue. Developmental studies have shown that these structures are reduced lemmas.</p><!--
--><p>Many species of Phalaris are weedy. A few are cultivated for fodder, and one, P. canadensis, is grown for birdseed. In addition, the dense panicles of P. paradoxa are sometimes dyed green and used to simulate shrubs in landscape models.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=anderson1961a
|text=Anderson, D.E. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Phalaris. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 36:1-96
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baldini1995a
|text=Baldini, R.M. 1995. Revision of the genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae). Webbia 49:265-329
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=merigliano1998a
|text=Merigliano, M.E and P. Lesica. 1998. The native status of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in the inland northwest, USA. Nat. Areas J. 18:223-230
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=ross1989a
|text=Ross, E.M. 1989. Phalaris L. Pp. 132-135 in T.D. Stanley and E.M. Ross. Flora of South-Eastern Queensland, vol. 3. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Miscellaneous Publication QM88001. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 532 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=thellung1911a
|text=Thellung, A. 1911. La Flore Adventice de Montpellier. Imprimerie Emile Le Maout, Cherbourg, France. [Preprinted from Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38:[57]-728 (1912)]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=weiller1995a
|text=Weiller, CM., M.J. Henwood, J. Lenz, and L. Watson. 1995 on. Pooideae (Poaceae) in Australia-Descriptions and Illustrations. http://delta-intkey.com/pooid/www/index.htm.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikelets in clusters, heterogamous, the lower 4-7 spikelets in each cluster with a staminate (rarely sterile) terminal floret, only the terminal spikelet in the clusters with a pistillate or bisexual terminal floret; disarticulation usually at the base of the spikelet clusters, sometimes beneath the bisexual or pistillate spikelets.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Glumes of the bisexual or pistillate spikelets winged, the wings with 1 prominent tooth; plants annual; culms not swollen at the base
|[[Phalaris paradoxa|Phalaris paradoxa]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Glumes of the bisexual or pistillate spikelets winged, the wings entire or irregularly dentate to crenate distally; plants perennial; culms with swollen bases
|[[Phalaris coerulescens|Phalaris coerulescens]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikelets borne singly, homogamous, all spikelets with a bisexual terminal floret; disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the sterile florets.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glume keels not winged or with wings no more than 0.2 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants perennial; bisexual florets with acute to somewhat acuminate apices.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles ovoid to cylindrical, 1.5-6 cm long, branches not evident; sterile florets usually more than 1/2 as long as the bisexual florets
|[[Phalaris californica|Phalaris californica]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Panicles elongate, 5-40 cm long, evidently branched towards the base; sterile florets less than 1/2 as long as the bisexual florets
|[[Phalaris arundinacea|Phalaris arundinacea]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Plants annual; bisexual florets with beaked or strongly acuminate apices.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Apices of the bisexual florets glabrous; glumes scabrous over the lateral veins and keels, and adjacent to the keels
|[[Phalaris lemmonii|Phalaris lemmonii]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Apices of the bisexual florets hairy; glumes smooth or scabridulous over the lateral veins and keels, the wing surface smooth
|[[Phalaris caroliniana|Phalaris caroliniana]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glume keels broadly winged, the wings 0.2-1 mm wide.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sterile florets usually 1, if 2, the lower floret up to 0.7 mm long and the upper floret 1-3 mm long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Plants annual; sterile florets 1, glabrous or almost so; wings of the glume keels irregularly dentate to crenate, varying within a panicle
|[[Phalaris minor|Phalaris minor]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Plants perennial; sterile florets usually 1, sometimes 2, hairy; wings of the glume keels usually entire
|[[Phalaris aquatica|Phalaris aquatica]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sterile florets 2, equal to subequal, 0.5-4.5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles cylindrical, sometimes lobed; anthers 0.5-1.3 mm long
|[[Phalaris angusta|Phalaris angusta]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Panicles usually ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, occasionally cylindrical, not lobed; anthers 1.5-4 mm long.
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sterile florets 0.6-1.2 mm long, about 1/5 the length of the bisexual florets
|[[Phalaris brachystachys|Phalaris brachystachys]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Sterile florets 1.5-4.5 mm long, 1/3 or more the length of the bisexual florets.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Glumes 7-10 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; bisexual florets 4.5-6.8 mm long; anthers 2-4 mm long
|[[Phalaris canariensis|Phalaris canariensis]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Glumes 3.8-6(8) mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide; bisexual florets 2.9-4.7 mm long; anthers 1.5-2 mm long
|[[Phalaris caroliniana|Phalaris caroliniana]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phalaris
|author=Mary E. Barkworth;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;Oreg.;Wis.;W.Va.;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Fla.;Wyo.;D.C;Miss.;Ohio;Va.;N.Mex.;Tex.;La.;Tenn.;N.C.;S.C.;Pa.;Ala.;Okla.;Calif.;Nev.;Colo.;Md.;Alaska;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ga.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Idaho;Mont.;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|reference=anderson1961a;baldini1995a;merigliano1998a;ross1989a;thellung1911a;weiller1995a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_1084.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Poeae
|genus=Phalaris
|anther quantity=3
|auricle presence=absent
|base arrangement=cluster
|blade prominence or shape=flat
|blade shape or vernation=revolute
|caryopse fusion=free
|caryopse height or length or size=shorter
|caryopse life cycle=falling
|caryopse prominence=concealed
|culm architecture=not branching
|culm height=4cm;230cm
|culm orientation=decumbent;erect
|culm shape=swollen
|floret atypical quantity=4
|floret lemma architecture=5-veined
|floret lemma pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|floret lemma reflectance=shiny
|floret lemma shape=acute;acuminate or beaked
|floret lemma texture=coriaceous;indurate
|floret quantity=1;3
|floret reproduction=bisexual;bisexual;sterile;sexual
|glume architecture=1-5-veined
|glume shape=keeled
|glume size=subequal
|hilum arrangement or course or shape=long-linear
|inflorescence architecture=interrupted
|inflorescence density=dense
|inflorescence shape=ovoid;cylindrical
|keel architecture=winged
|leaf arrangement=distributed
|leaf pubescence=glabrous
|lemma quantity=0;3/4
|lemma shape=lanceolate;linear
|ligule coloration=hyaline
|ligule pubescence=glabrous
|ligule shape=truncate;acuminate entire or lacerate
|lodicule presence=absent
|lodicule quantity=2
|lodicule size=reduced
|lower floret presence=absent
|lower floret reproduction=sterile
|lower floret size=reduced
|lower floret variability=varying
|lower spikelet arrangement=cluster
|ovary pubescence=glabrous
|pericarp architecture or coloration or relief=reticulate
|projection shape=knoblike
|sheath length=open
|spikelet architecture=pistillate;pedicellate;pistillate
|spikelet architecture or arrangement or growth form=solitary
|spikelet arrangement=in clusters;singly
|spikelet arrangement or growth form=clustered
|spikelet position or structure subtype=terminal
|spikelet quantity=single;10;200
|spikelet reproduction=bisexual;heterogamous;homogamous
|spikelet shape=compressed
|style quantity=2
|style shape=plumose
|terminal floret architecture=staminate;pistillate
|terminal floret arrangement=cluster
|terminal floret reproduction=sterile;bisexual
|terminal spikelet architecture=staminate
|terminal spikelet arrangement=cluster
|terminal spikelet reproduction=bisexual;sterile
|uppermost sheath shape=inflated
|vein architecture=1-veined
|vein pubescence=hairy;glabrous
|vein texture=maturity
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|x chromosome quantity=7;6
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Poeae]]