View source for Phalaris arundinacea

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phalaris arundinacea
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|common_names=Reed canarygrass;Alpiste roseau;Phalaris roseau;Roseau
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Phalaroides arundinacea
|authority=
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Varigata
|authority=
|rank=forma
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Phalaris arundinacea var. picta
|authority=
|rank=variety
}}
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Poeae;Phalaris;Phalaris arundinacea
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Poeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phalaris]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Phalaris arundinacea]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 770
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>perennial;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form;rhizom architecture or pubescence">not cespitose, rhizomatous, rhizomes scaly.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm some measurement"><b>Culms </b>40-230 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="ligule atypical some measurement;ligule some measurement;ligule architecture or shape;ligule shape"><b>Ligules </b>4-10 (11) mm, truncate, lacerate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade length;blade width;blade-leaf distance;surface pubescence or relief;margin architecture or shape">blades usually 10-30 cm long, 5-20 mm wide, flag leaf-blades 4-15 cm, surfaces scabrous, margins serrate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="panicle length;panicle width;panicle shape;panicle density;panicle architecture"><b>Panicles </b>5-40 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, elongate, often dense, always evidently branched, at least near the base;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="branch some measurement;branch fixation or orientation;branch orientation;spikelet arrangement;spikelet arrangement or growth form">branches to 5 cm, normally appressed but spreading during anthesis, spikelets borne singly, not clustered.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="spikelet reproduction;floret quantity"><b>Spikelets </b>homogamous, with 3 florets, terminal floret bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="terminal floret reproduction;floret reproduction">disarticulation above the glumes, beneath the sterile florets.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="glume size;glume length;glume width;keel course;keel pubescence or relief;keel architecture;wing width;lateral-vein prominence;apex shape"><b>Glumes </b>subequal, 4-8.1 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, keels smoothly curved, usually scabrous, not or narrowly winged distally, wings to 0.2 mm wide, lateral-veins conspicuous, apices acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="floret reproduction;floret quantity;floret size;floret variability;floret some measurement;floret quantity;floret pubescence;floret reproduction">sterile florets 2, subequal to equal, 1.5-2 mm, less than 1/2 as long as the bisexual florets, hairy;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="floret reproduction;floret some measurement;apex shape;apex shape">bisexual florets 2.5-4.2 mm, apices acute to somewhat acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lemma pubescence;lemma pubescence;lemma reflectance;lemma coloration;lemma coloration;lemma coloration;apex shape">lemmas glabrate proximally, hairy distally and on the margins, dull yellow when immature, shiny gray-brown to brown at maturity, apices acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="anther some measurement;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">anthers 2.5-3 mm. <b>2n</b> = 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35.</span><!--

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|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;N.C.;Tenn.;Pa.;Okla.;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Phalaris arundinacea is a circumboreal species, native to north-temperate regions; it occurs, as an introduction, in the Southern Hemisphere. It grows in wet areas such as the edges of lakes, ponds, ditches, and creeks, often forming dense stands; in some areas it is a problematic weed. North American populations may be a mix of native strains, European strains, and agronomic cultivars (Merigliano and Lesica 1998).</p><!--
--><p>The interpretation adopted here is that of Baldini (1995), who treated Phalaris arundinacea sensu stricto as the most widespread species in a complex of three species. The other two species are P. rotgesii (Husn.) Baldini, a diploid that is restricted to France and Italy, and P. caesia Nees, a hexaploid that grows in southern Europe, western Asia, and eastern to southern Africa. Phalaris rotgesii has glumes 2-3.8 mm long, sterile florets 1-1.5 mm long, bisexual florets 2-3 mm long, and anthers about 2 mm long. The corresponding measurements for P. caesia are 6-7 mm, about 2.5 mm, 4-5 mm, and 3.5-4 mm, respectively. Other taxonomists have included P. rotgesii and P. caesia in P. arundinacea. Only P. arundinacea sensu stricto has been found in North America.</p><!--
--><p>A sterile form of Phalaris arundinacea with striped leaves—P. arundinacea var. picta L., also referred to as P. arundinacea forma variegata (Parn.) Druce—is known as 'Ribbon Grass' or 'Gardener's Gaiters', and is sometimes grown as an ornamental. Baldini (1995) noted that it sometimes appears to escape, and is never found far from a cultivated stand.</p><!--
--><p>Phalaris arundinacea hybridizes with other species of Phalaris. One hybrid, P. xmonspeliensis Daveau [= P. arundinacea x P. aquatica] is grown for forage.</p>
|tables=
|references=
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phalaris arundinacea
|authority=L.
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Phalaroides arundinacea;Varigata;Phalaris arundinacea var. picta
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|illustrator=Linda Ann Vorobik;Hana Pazdírková
|illustration copyright=Utah State University
|distribution=Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Vt.;D.C.;Wis.;W.Va.;Kans.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;S.Dak.;Mass.;Maine;N.H.;R.I.;Wyo.;N.Mex.;N.C.;Tenn.;Pa.;Okla.;Alaska;Nev.;Va.;Colo.;Idaho;Mont.;Oreg.;Calif.;Ala.;Ark.;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.);N.S.;N.W.T.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Ariz.;Md.;Ohio;Utah;Mo.;Minn.;Mich.;Ky.
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_1093.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Poeae
|genus=Phalaris
|species=Phalaris arundinacea
|2n chromosome quantity=35;31;30;29;28;27
|anther some measurement=2.5mm;3mm
|apex shape=acute;acuminate;acute to somewhat;acute
|blade length=10cm;30cm
|blade width=5mm;20mm
|blade-leaf distance=4cm;15cm
|branch fixation or orientation=appressed
|branch orientation=spreading
|branch some measurement=0cm;5cm
|culm some measurement=40cm;230cm
|floret pubescence=hairy
|floret quantity=0;1/2
|floret reproduction=bisexual;bisexual;sterile;sterile
|floret size=subequal
|floret some measurement=2.5mm;4.2mm
|floret variability=equal
|glume length=4mm;8.1mm
|glume size=subequal
|glume width=0.8mm;1mm
|keel architecture=winged
|keel course=curved
|keel pubescence or relief=scabrous
|lateral-vein prominence=conspicuous
|lemma coloration=gray-brown;brown
|lemma pubescence=hairy;glabrate
|lemma reflectance=dull
|ligule architecture or shape=truncate
|ligule atypical some measurement=11
|ligule shape=lacerate
|ligule some measurement=4mm;10mm
|margin architecture or shape=serrate
|panicle architecture=branched
|panicle density=dense
|panicle length=5cm;40cm
|panicle shape=elongate
|panicle width=1cm;4cm
|rhizom architecture or pubescence=scaly
|spikelet arrangement=singly
|spikelet arrangement or growth form=not clustered
|spikelet reproduction=homogamous
|surface pubescence or relief=scabrous
|terminal floret reproduction=bisexual
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant;not cespitose
|wing width=0mm;0.2mm
}}<!--

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