View source for Phytolacca americana

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Phytolacca americana
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 441. 1753
|year=1753
}}
|common_names=Pokeweed;poke;pokeberry
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Phytolaccaceae;Phytolacca;Phytolacca americana
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Phytolaccaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Phytolacca]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Phytolacca americana]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 4
|mention_page=page 5, 6, 8
|treatment_page=page 7
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism atypical some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Plants </b>to 3 (–7) m.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="petiole some measurement"><b>Leaves:</b> petiole 1–6 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="blade shape;blade length;blade width;base shape;apex shape">blade lanceolate to ovate, to 35 × 18 cm, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="raceme architecture;proximalmost pedicel orientation;proximalmost pedicel some measurement;flower quantity"><b>Racemes </b>open, proximalmost pedicels sometimes bearing 2–few flowers, erect to drooping, 6–30 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="peduncle some measurement">peduncle to 15 cm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="pedicel some measurement">pedicel 3–13 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal coloration;sepal shape;sepal variability;sepal size;sepal some measurement"><b>Flowers:</b> sepals 5, white or greenish white to pinkish or purplish, ovate to suborbiculate, equal to subequal, 2.5–3.3 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;whorl quantity">stamens (9–) 10 (–12) in 1 whorl;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="carpel quantity;carpel fusion">carpels 6–12, connate at least in proximal 1/2;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="ovary architecture">ovary 6–12-loculed.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="berry coloration;berry diameter"><b>Berries </b>purple-black, 6–11 mm diam.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>black, lenticular, 3 mm, shiny.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="seed coloration;seed shape;seed some measurement;seed reflectance;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 36.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=N.B.;Ont.;Que.;Ala.;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Conn.;D.C.;Del.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Mass.;Md.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;N.C.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.;Vt.;W.Va.;Wis.;in Europe
|discussion=<p>Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The infraspecific taxonomy of Phytolacca americana has been disputed since J. K. Small (1905) recognized P. rigida as distinct from P. americana on the basis of its “permanently erect panicles” [sic] and “pedicels…much shorter than the diameter of the berries.” J. W. Hardin (1964b) separated P. rigida from P. americana by the length of the raceme (2–12 cm in P. rigida, 5–30 cm in P. americana) and the thickness and diameter of the xylem center of the peduncle (70% greater thickness in P. rigida, 17% greater diameter in P. americana), but he found no discontinuities in any feature. J. W. Nowicke (1968) and J. D. Sauer (1952), among others, treated P. rigida as a synonym of P. americana. Most recently, D. B. Caulkins and R. Wyatt (1990) recognized P. rigida as a variety of P. americana.</p><!--
--><p>The varieties are not always clearly distinct. Some specimens combine the erect inflorescences of var. rigida with the long pedicels of var. americana. Such intermediate plants can be seen as far north as coastal Delaware, sometimes growing with var. americana.</p><!--
--><p>Collectors of Phytolacca americana should record carefully whether the inflorescences are erect, drooping, or intermediate between the extremes.</p><!--
--><p>The fruits and seeds of Phytolacca americana are eaten and disseminated by birds and, probably, mammals. They are said to be an important source of food for mourning doves (A. C. Martin et al. 1951).</p><!--
--><p>Phytolacca americana is well known to herbalists, cell biologists, and toxicologists. According to some accounts, its young leaves, after being boiled in two waters (the first being discarded) to deactivate toxins, are edible, even being available canned (they pose no culinary threat to spinach). Young shoots are eaten as a substitute for asparagus. Ripe berries were used to color wine and are eaten (cooked) in pies. Poke is used as an emetic, a purgative, a suppurative, a spring tonic, and a treatment for various skin maladies, especially hemorrhoids.</p><!--
--><p>Pokeweed mitogen is a mixture of glycoprotein lectins that are powerful immune stimulants, promoting T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation and increased immunoglobulin levels. “Accidental exposure to juices from Phytolacca americana via ingestion, breaks in the skin, and the conjunctiva has brought about hematological changes in numerous people, including researchers studying this species” (G. K. Rogers 1985). Poke antiviral proteins are of great interest for their broad, potent antiviral (including Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and antifungal properties (P. Wang et al. 1998). Saponins found in P. americana and P. dodecandra are lethal to the molluscan intermediate host of schistosomiasis (J. M. Pezzuto et al. 1984). The toxic compounds in P. americana are phytolaccatoxin and related triterpene saponins, the alkaloid phytolaccin, various histamines, and oxalic acid. When ingested, the roots, leaves, and fruits may poison animals, including Homo sapiens. Symptoms of poke poisoning include sweating, burning of the mouth and throat, severe gastritis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, blurred vision, elevated white-blood-cell counts, unconsciousness, and, rarely, death.</p><!--
--><p>“Poke” is thought to come from “pocan” or “puccoon,” probably from the Algonquin term for a plant that contains dye.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=armesto1983a
|text=Armesto, J. J., G. P. Cheplick, and M. J. McDonnell. 1983. Observations of the reproductive biology of Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 380–383.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=caulkins1990a
|text=Caulkins, D. B. and R. Wyatt. 1990. Variation and taxonomy of Phytolacca americana and P. rigida in the southeastern United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 357–367.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=davis1985a
|text=Davis, J. I. 1985. Introgression in Central American Phytolacca (Phytolaccaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 72: 1944–1953.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=hardin1964b
|text=Hardin, J. W. 1964b. A comparison of Phytolacca americana and P. rigida. Castanea 29: 155–164.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sauer1950a
|text=Sauer, J. D. 1950. Pokeweed, an old American herb. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 38: 82–88.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sauer1951a
|text=Sauer, J. D. 1951. Studies of variation in the weed genus Phytolacca. II. Latitudinally adapted variants within a North American species. Evolution 5: 273–279.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sauer1952a
|text=Sauer, J. D. 1952. A geography of pokeweed. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 39: 113–125.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Pedicels longer than 6 mm in fruit, longer than berries; racemes (10-)12-30 cm (excluding peduncles), divergent or usually drooping; various habitats, widespread.
|[[Phytolacca americana var. americana|Phytolacca americana var. americana]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Pedicels shorter than 6(-7) mm in fruit, shorter than berries; racemes 6-9(-13.5) cm, erect; e coastal United States, North Carolina and Vir- ginia to Texas.
|[[Phytolacca americana var. rigida|Phytolacca americana var. rigida]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Phytolacca americana
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Phytolaccaceae
|distribution=N.B.;Ont.;Que.;Ala.;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Conn.;D.C.;Del.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Mass.;Md.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;N.C.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;Nebr.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;Tenn.;Tex.;Va.;Vt.;W.Va.;Wis.;in Europe
|reference=armesto1983a;caulkins1990a;davis1985a;hardin1964b;sauer1950a;sauer1951a;sauer1952a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.
|publication year=1753
|special status=Illustrated;Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V4/V4_8.xml
|genus=Phytolacca
|species=Phytolacca americana
|2n chromosome quantity=36
|apex shape=acuminate
|base shape=rounded;cordate
|berry coloration=purple-black
|berry diameter=6mm;11mm
|blade length=0cm;35cm
|blade shape=lanceolate;ovate
|blade width=0cm;18cm
|carpel fusion=connate
|carpel quantity=6;12
|flower quantity=2;few
|ovary architecture=6-12-loculed
|pedicel some measurement=3mm;13mm
|peduncle some measurement=0cm;15cm
|petiole some measurement=1cm;6cm
|proximalmost pedicel orientation=erect;drooping
|proximalmost pedicel some measurement=6cm;30cm
|raceme architecture=open
|seed coloration=black
|seed reflectance=shiny
|seed shape=lenticular
|seed some measurement=3
|sepal coloration=greenish white;pinkish or purplish
|sepal quantity=5
|sepal shape=ovate;suborbiculate
|sepal size=subequal
|sepal some measurement=2.5mm;3.3mm
|sepal variability=equal
|stamen atypical quantity=10;12
|stamen quantity=10
|whole_organism atypical some measurement=3m;7m
|whole_organism growth form=plant
|whole_organism some measurement=0m;3m
|whorl quantity=1
}}<!--

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